Kerala Renaissance Mock Test
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1
Consider the following statements regarding the factors that contributed to social reform movements in 19th and 20th century Kerala:
1. The introduction of Western education by the British administration exposed the local population to liberal and egalitarian ideas.
2. Christian missionaries focused solely on religious conversion and did not engage in educational or social advocacy.
3. Agrarian unrest, stemming from arbitrary evictions and rack-renting, highlighted the need for social and land reforms.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The introduction of Western education by the British administration exposed the local population to liberal and egalitarian ideas.
2. Christian missionaries focused solely on religious conversion and did not engage in educational or social advocacy.
3. Agrarian unrest, stemming from arbitrary evictions and rack-renting, highlighted the need for social and land reforms.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
3 only
Explanation: Statement 2 is incorrect. The provided text explicitly states that "Protestant missions played a crucial role in spreading Western education and advocating for social changes, particularly among backward classes". Statements 1 and 3 are correct as per the text.
2
With reference to Sri Narayana Guru, which of the following statements is incorrect?
He challenged Brahminical supremacy by consecrating temples for Ezhavas and other lower castes.
He is hailed as the "father of Modern Kerala Renaissance".
He exclusively worked for the social awakening within the Nair community to inspire other castes.
He promoted the philosophy of "One Caste, one Religion, one God for man".
Explanation: The statement that he worked exclusively for the Nair community is incorrect. He was born in an Ezhava family and worked for the upliftment of Ezhavas and other lower castes. It was Chattampi Swamikal who focused on social awakening within the Nair community.
3
Match the following social reformers with their respective organizations or foundational contributions.
| Reformer | Organization / Contribution |
|---|---|
| A. Vaikunta Swami | 1. Atma Vidya Sangham |
| B. Swami Vagbhatananda | 2. Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam |
| C. Ayyankali | 3. Sidhasramam |
| D. Brahmananda Sivayogi | 4. Samatva Samajam |
A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
Explanation: The correct matches are:
A. Vaikunta Swami - 4. Samatva Samajam (1836)
B. Swami Vagbhatananda - 1. Atma Vidya Sangham
C. Ayyankali - 2. Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam (1907)
D. Brahmananda Sivayogi - 3. Sidhasramam at Alathur
A. Vaikunta Swami - 4. Samatva Samajam (1836)
B. Swami Vagbhatananda - 1. Atma Vidya Sangham
C. Ayyankali - 2. Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam (1907)
D. Brahmananda Sivayogi - 3. Sidhasramam at Alathur
4
The 'Breast-Cloth Agitation' or Shanar Agitation, which culminated in the Royal Proclamation of July 26, 1859, was primarily a struggle for:
The right to enter temples.
The right of Shanar women to cover their upper bodies.
The right to use public roads.
Representation in public service jobs.
Explanation: The Shanar Agitation was a struggle by Shanar women in South Travancore to gain the right to cover their upper bodies, a right previously reserved for upper-caste women.
5
Consider the following statements regarding the Malayali Memorial and the Ezhava Memorial:
1. The Malayali Memorial was led by Dr. Palpu, while the Ezhava Memorial was led by G.P. Pillai.
2. The Malayali Memorial protested the exclusion of educated natives from higher public service posts in Travancore.
3. The Ezhava Memorial demanded rights and privileges for Ezhavas similar to those enjoyed by Christian converts.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The Malayali Memorial was led by Dr. Palpu, while the Ezhava Memorial was led by G.P. Pillai.
2. The Malayali Memorial protested the exclusion of educated natives from higher public service posts in Travancore.
3. The Ezhava Memorial demanded rights and privileges for Ezhavas similar to those enjoyed by Christian converts.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. The leadership roles are reversed. G.P. Pillai led the Malayali Memorial, and Dr. Palpu led the Ezhava Memorial. Statements 2 and 3 accurately describe the objectives of their respective memorials.
6
The Nivarthana (Abstention) Agitation in the early 1930s was a protest against the constitutional reforms of 1932. What was the primary concern of the communities involved?
Denial of entry into the Land Revenue department.
Fear of under-representation for Ezhavas, Muslims, and Christians in the State Legislature.
The continuation of the Janmi system.
The monopoly of Brahmins in religious matters.
Explanation: The Nivarthana Agitation was a protest against the 1932 reforms because communities like Ezhavas, Muslims, and some Christians feared these reforms would lead to their under-representation in the State Legislature.
7
Who among the following was a key leader of the Vaikam Satyagraha (1924-25) and also led the famous 'Savarna Jatha' to support the cause?
K. Kelappan
A.K. Gopalan
Mannath Padmanabhan
T.K. Madhavan
Explanation: Mannath Padmanabhan, a key leader in the Vaikam Satyagraha, led the 'Savarna Jatha', a procession of caste Hindus, to garner support for opening the temple approach roads to all.
8
Assertion (A): The Guruvayur Satyagraha (1931-32) immediately resulted in the opening of the Guruvayur temple to all Hindus.
Reason (R): The Satyagraha, led by K. Kelappan, faced severe repression but was successful in creating a strong public opinion in favor of temple entry.
Reason (R): The Satyagraha, led by K. Kelappan, faced severe repression but was successful in creating a strong public opinion in favor of temple entry.
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
A is false but R is true.
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
Explanation: Assertion (A) is false; the Guruvayur temple was not opened immediately after the Satyagraha. However, Reason (R) is true; the movement, despite facing repression, was crucial in building strong public opinion for temple entry, which contributed to later reforms.
9
The historic Temple Entry Proclamation of Travancore, hailed by Gandhiji as "a miracle of modern times", was issued by Maharaja Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma on:
July 26, 1859
November 1, 1956
November 12, 1936
July 1, 1949
Explanation: The Temple Entry Proclamation was issued by Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma, Maharaja of Travancore, on November 12, 1936.
10
Which Muslim social reformer advocated for discarding un-Islamic practices, promoted English education, and founded the Travancore Muslim Mahajana Sabha?
Ali Musaliyar
Shaik Zainuddin
Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
Vakkam Abdul Khadir Maulavi
Explanation: Vakkam Abdul Khadir Maulavi was a prominent Muslim social reformer who championed modern education and progressive movements among Muslims, founding organizations like the Travancore Muslim Mahajana Sabha.
11
The Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865) and the Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867) were significant land reforms enacted in which region?
Malabar
Travancore
Cochin
Wayanad
Explanation: Both the Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865), which conferred proprietary rights on government landholders, and the Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867), which provided tenure fixity to tenants, were enacted in Travancore.
12
The Kerala Agrarian Relations Act (1960) and the subsequent Kerala Land Reforms Act (1963, amended 1969) were landmark legislations primarily aimed at:
Introducing the Marumakkathayam system.
Providing compensation for tenant improvements only.
Abolishing the Janmi system and conferring ownership rights on tillers.
Fixing fair rents without providing security of tenure.
Explanation: These acts were comprehensive land reforms that abolished the Janmi (landlord) system and conferred ownership rights of the land to the tillers (tenants).
13
The legislative acts such as the Nair Act (1912, 1925), Ezhava Act (1925), and Cochin Nair Act (1937-38) were primarily focused on reforming which socio-legal system?
The Marumakkathayam system of inheritance.
The caste-based entry restrictions in temples.
The Janmi-Kudiyan (landlord-tenant) relationship.
The practice of untouchability on public roads.
Explanation: These acts were aimed at reforming the matrilineal Marumakkathayam system of inheritance, gradually introducing individual property partition and legalizing monogamy.
14
The Paliyam Satyagraha of 1948 was a significant post-independence campaign. Its primary objective was to:
Demand the dismissal of Diwan Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar.
Protest against the collection of revenue in cash.
Demand Purna Swaraj for the state of Cochin.
Open the road in front of the Paliat Achan's residence to Avarnas and non-Hindus.
Explanation: The Paliyam Satyagraha was launched to open the road in front of the Paliat Achan's residence at Chennamangalam to all people, irrespective of caste or religion.
15
Consider the philosophies of the following reformers:
1. Brahmananda Sivayogi: Condemned idol worship and emphasized happiness (ananda) and knowledge (Jnana).
2. Swami Vagbhatananda: Founded Atma Vidya Sangham and denounced caste barriers and idol worship.
3. Chattampi Swamikal: Worked closely with Sri Narayana Guru and campaigned against sub-caste barriers and wasteful social practices.
Which of the reformers mentioned above denounced idol worship as part of their teachings?
1. Brahmananda Sivayogi: Condemned idol worship and emphasized happiness (ananda) and knowledge (Jnana).
2. Swami Vagbhatananda: Founded Atma Vidya Sangham and denounced caste barriers and idol worship.
3. Chattampi Swamikal: Worked closely with Sri Narayana Guru and campaigned against sub-caste barriers and wasteful social practices.
Which of the reformers mentioned above denounced idol worship as part of their teachings?
1 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Both Brahmananda Sivayogi and Swami Vagbhatananda explicitly condemned or denounced idol worship. Chattampi Swamikal revolted against Brahminical monopoly but the text doesn't state he denounced idol worship in the same way.
16
What was the primary outcome of the Civic Rights Agitation (Poura Samatvavada Prakshobhanam)?
The passage of the Temple Entry Proclamation.
Conferment of proprietary rights on holders of government lands.
Bifurcation of the Land Revenue and Devaswam departments, allowing Avarnas, Christians, and Muslims into the Revenue department.
The introduction of Dyarchy in the state of Cochin.
Explanation: The agitation protested the denial of appointments to Avarnas, Muslims, and Christians in the Land Revenue department. It led to a Royal Proclamation in 1922 that separated the Devaswam (temple properties) administration from the Land Revenue department, thus opening up the latter for appointments from all communities.
17
Ayyankali, a prominent leader from the Pulaya community, founded the ______ in 1907 for the uplift of Harijans and was later nominated to the ______, where he championed social equality.
Fill in the blanks with the correct options.
Fill in the blanks with the correct options.
Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam, Sri Mulam Praja Sabha
Samatva Samajam, Travancore State Congress
Atma Vidya Sangham, Malabar Tenancy Committee
Nair Service Society, Legislative Council
Explanation: Ayyankali founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam in 1907. He was nominated to the Sri Mulam Praja Sabha, the popular assembly of Travancore, where he advocated for the rights of his community.
18
"I was consecrating the Ezhava Siva and not the Brahmin Siva." This famous statement, challenging the Brahminical monopoly over idol consecration, was made by:
Chattampi Swamikal
Ayyankali
Brahmananda Sivayogi
Sri Narayana Guru
Explanation: Sri Narayana Guru made this statement to justify his act of consecrating a Siva idol, an act traditionally reserved for Brahmins, thereby asserting the spiritual rights of the Ezhava community.
19
Which of the following legislative acts was specifically aimed at reforming inheritance laws for the Muslim community in Malabar that followed the Marumakkathayam system?
Madras Namboothiri Act (1933)
Mappila Marumakkathayam Act (1939)
Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act (1975)
Nair Act (1925)
Explanation: The Mappila Marumakkathayam Act (1939) was enacted to reform the matrilineal inheritance laws among the Mappila (Muslim) community in Malabar, legalizing inheritance from father to son.
20
The Madras Namboothiri Act (1933) was a significant reform because it:
Abolished the Janmi system in Malabar.
Introduced individual partition in Nair Tharavads.
Ensured equal shares in family property for all illam members and permitted junior Namboothiris to marry within their community.
Gave proprietary rights to holders of government lands.
Explanation: The Madras Namboothiri Act (1933) brought crucial changes to the Namboothiri community by allowing all members of the illam (family) to have an equal share in the property and permitting junior male members to marry Namboothiri women, breaking traditional restrictions.
21
The Kundara Proclamation of January 11, 1809, is a significant document in Kerala's history. Consider the following about it:
1. It was issued by Paliath Achan of Cochin.
2. It was a call for a patriotic struggle against British interference in the internal administration of Travancore.
3. It was issued during the Kurichiya Revolt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. It was issued by Paliath Achan of Cochin.
2. It was a call for a patriotic struggle against British interference in the internal administration of Travancore.
3. It was issued during the Kurichiya Revolt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 and 2 only
3 only
2 only
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; it was issued by Velu Tampi Dalawa of Travancore. Statement 3 is incorrect; the Kurichiya Revolt happened later in 1812. Statement 2 is correct; the proclamation indicted British rule under Resident Col. Macaulay and called for a struggle.
22
The Kurichiya Revolt of 1812 in Wayanad was primarily a response to which British policy?
The policy of collecting revenue in cash instead of in kind.
The introduction of English education.
The annexation of Wayanad by the British.
The support given by the British to Christian missionaries.
Explanation: The Kurichiya Revolt was an uprising of the tribal people of Wayanad against the British government's new policy of demanding revenue payments in cash, which was a departure from the traditional system of payment in kind (agricultural produce).
23
The Manjeri Political Conference of 1920 marked a significant turning point in the National Movement in Malabar because it:
Was the first time Mahatma Gandhi visited Malabar.
Led to the formation of the Travancore State Congress.
Passed a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj.
Marked a split between moderates (landlords) and extremists who championed the peasant cause.
Explanation: The conference saw a clear split. A resolution declaring the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms unsatisfactory was passed, which the moderates (mostly landlords) opposed. They left the Congress, which then became more aligned with the cause of peasants and workers.
24
Which of the following events is infamously known as the "Wagon Tragedy"?
An incident during the Punnapra-Vayalar upheaval.
A police firing during the Salt Satyagraha at Payyannur.
The death by suffocation of Mappila rebellion prisoners transported in a closed railway goods wagon.
The deportation of Swadesabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai.
Explanation: The "Wagon Tragedy" refers to an incident during the suppression of the Malabar Rebellion of 1921, where about 70 Mappila prisoners died of suffocation while being transported in a closed, air-tight railway wagon from Tirur to Bellary jail.
25
The Payyannur Political Conference of 1928, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, is historically important for:
Passing a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).
Launching the Salt Satyagraha in Malabar.
Merging the Khilafat movement with the Congress activities.
Initiating the Vaikam Satyagraha.
Explanation: The Payyannur Political Conference of 1928 is memorable for passing a resolution that requested the Indian National Congress to adopt Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) as its goal, a precursor to the famous Lahore session resolution.
26
Who was the main leader of the Salt Satyagraha in Malabar, with Payyannur being the main venue for the struggle?
A.K. Gopalan
T.K. Madhavan
K. Kelappan
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
Explanation: The Salt Satyagraha in Malabar, part of the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement, was led by K. Kelappan. Payyannur was the primary center for breaking the salt laws.
27
The Punnapra-Vayalar upheaval of 1946 was a violent mass uprising led by Communists in the Alleppey district. It was primarily directed against:
The British policy of collecting revenue in cash.
The social evil of untouchability.
The merger of Travancore and Cochin.
The proposal of Diwan Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar for an "American model" executive for Travancore.
Explanation: The Punnapra-Vayalar uprising was a rebellion against the constitutional reforms proposed by Diwan Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar, which included an irremovable executive based on the "American model," and his move towards an independent Travancore.
28
Arrange the following events in chronological order:
1. Formation of the state of Travancore-Cochin.
2. Formation of the Travancore State Congress.
3. Punnapra-Vayalar Upheaval.
4. Formation of the linguistic state of Kerala.
1. Formation of the state of Travancore-Cochin.
2. Formation of the Travancore State Congress.
3. Punnapra-Vayalar Upheaval.
4. Formation of the linguistic state of Kerala.
1-2-3-4
2-3-1-4
2-1-3-4
3-2-1-4
Explanation: The correct chronological order is:
2. Formation of the Travancore State Congress (1938)
3. Punnapra-Vayalar Upheaval (1946)
1. Formation of the state of Travancore-Cochin (July 1, 1949)
4. Formation of the linguistic state of Kerala (November 1, 1956)
2. Formation of the Travancore State Congress (1938)
3. Punnapra-Vayalar Upheaval (1946)
1. Formation of the state of Travancore-Cochin (July 1, 1949)
4. Formation of the linguistic state of Kerala (November 1, 1956)
29
The formation of the Travancore State Congress in 1938, with ______ as its first President, marked the beginning of a widespread movement for ______.
Fill in the blanks with the correct options.
Fill in the blanks with the correct options.
K. Kelappan, agrarian reforms
C. Kesavan, civic rights
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai, full responsible government
T.M. Varghese, temple entry for all
Explanation: The Travancore State Congress was formed in 1938 with Pattom A. Thanu Pillai as its first President. Its primary demand was the establishment of a full responsible government in Travancore and the dismissal of the Diwan, Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar.
30
The Malabar Rebellion of 1921, while having agrarian and anti-imperialist roots, is also noted to have:
Been led exclusively by Hindu landlords.
Received full support from the Communist Party of India.
Taken a communal turn in its later stages, with attacks on Hindu landlords.
Successfully established a permanent parallel government in Malabar.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that while the Malabar Rebellion began as a reaction against police repression of Khilafat workers, "In later stages, it took a communal turn, with attacks on Hindu landlords and temples."
31
Who was the first popular Minister in Cochin after the introduction of Dyarchy under the Government of Cochin Act (1938)?
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
E. M. S. Namboothiripad
Panampilli Govinda Menon
Ambat Sivarama Menon
Explanation: The data provided in the Q&A section at the end of the text states, "Who was the first Chief Minister of Cochin under the Dyarchy system introduced in 1938? Ambat Sivarama Menon". Note: The main text mentions Panampilli Govinda Menon as the first popular minister, which is a slight contradiction, but the specific Q&A points to Ambat Sivarama Menon. For this test, we follow the specific Q&A.
32
The Quit India Movement of 1942 had only "faint echoes" in Malabar. What was the primary reason for this, according to the provided text?
The movement was opposed by both Congress and the Muslim League.
The imprisonment of Congress leaders and a shift in the Communist Party's policy to support British war efforts.
The people of Malabar were satisfied with the British administration.
The movement was overshadowed by the Punnapra-Vayalar upheaval.
Explanation: The text states that the Quit India Movement's impact was faint in Malabar due to two main reasons: the Communist Party shifted its policy to support the British war effort after the USSR joined the war, and most of the prominent Congress leaders were already in prison.
33
Which political figure from Malabar presided over the Amraoti session of the Indian National Congress in 1897?
K. Kelappan
G.P. Pillai
Sir C. Sankaran Nair
K.P. Kesava Menon
Explanation: The text mentions that "Indian National Congress adherents in Malabar from early days; Sir C. Sankaran Nair presided over the Amraoti session (1897)."
34
The "Vimochana Samaram" (Liberation Struggle) of 1959 was a mass protest aimed at:
Demanding the formation of the linguistic state of Kerala.
Overthrowing the first Communist Government in Kerala led by E. M. S. Namboothiripad.
Protesting against the "American model" constitution of Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar.
Demanding the integration of Travancore and Cochin.
Explanation: The 'Vimochana Samaram' was a widespread agitation involving various social, religious, and political groups, directed against the policies of the first democratically elected Communist government in Kerala, which ultimately led to its dismissal by the central government.
35
The First All Kerala Political Conference held at Ottappalam in 1921 was a significant event because it:
Was presided over by Mahatma Gandhi.
Passed the Temple Entry Proclamation.
Launched the Quit India Movement in Kerala.
Was attended by delegates from Malabar, Travancore, and Cochin, symbolizing a unified political consciousness.
Explanation: This conference was notable because it brought together delegates from all three politically distinct regions of Kerala (British Malabar, and the princely states of Travancore and Cochin), fostering a sense of a united Kerala identity within the national movement. It was presided over by T. Prakasam.
36
Match the following leaders with the movements they are primarily associated with in the provided text:
| Leader | Movement / Role |
|---|---|
| A. K. Kelappan | 1. Leader of Malayali Memorial |
| B. G.P. Pillai | 2. First President, Travancore State Congress |
| C. A.K. Gopalan | 3. Leader of Salt Satyagraha in Malabar |
| D. Pattom A. Thanu Pillai | 4. Captain of Volunteer Corps, Guruvayur Satyagraha |
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
Explanation: The correct matches are:
A. K. Kelappan - 3. Leader of Salt Satyagraha in Malabar (also leader of Guruvayur Satyagraha).
B. G.P. Pillai - 1. Leader of Malayali Memorial.
C. A.K. Gopalan - 4. Captain of Volunteer Corps, Guruvayur Satyagraha.
D. Pattom A. Thanu Pillai - 2. First President, Travancore State Congress.
A. K. Kelappan - 3. Leader of Salt Satyagraha in Malabar (also leader of Guruvayur Satyagraha).
B. G.P. Pillai - 1. Leader of Malayali Memorial.
C. A.K. Gopalan - 4. Captain of Volunteer Corps, Guruvayur Satyagraha.
D. Pattom A. Thanu Pillai - 2. First President, Travancore State Congress.
37
The integration of the state of Travancore into the Indian Union was preceded by resistance to a proposal by its Diwan, Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar. What was this proposal?
To merge Travancore directly with the Madras Presidency.
To establish a communist state in Travancore.
To establish Travancore as an independent country after India's independence.
To implement the Marumakkathayam system as the state law.
Explanation: Following the announcement of India's independence, Diwan C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar made a controversial move to declare Travancore an independent nation, which was met with strong resistance, ultimately leading to the Maharaja accepting the Instrument of Accession to India.
38
The emergence of the Congress Socialist Party, which later became the Communist Party of Malabar, was a result of:
The failure of the Malabar Rebellion.
A directive from the Indian National Congress.
The merger of the Muslim League and Congress.
A split within the Congress between Rightists and Leftists.
Explanation: The text mentions, "Split in Congress: Emergence of Rightists and Leftists (Congress Socialist Party, later Communist Party of Malabar)." This indicates the left-wing faction of the Congress formed their own party.
39
The final formation of the linguistic state of Kerala on November 1, 1956, involved the integration of which territories?
Travancore, Cochin, and the whole of Madras Presidency.
The state of Travancore-Cochin with the Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk.
The Malabar district and the princely state of Mysore.
Only the princely states of Travancore and Cochin.
Explanation: The state of Kerala was formed by merging the existing state of Travancore-Cochin with the Malabar district (which was part of Madras state) and the Kasaragod taluk of the South Canara district.
40
Who led the early popular revolt in Travancore (1799) against the misrule of the triumvirate of Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoori, Sankaranarayana Chetti, and Mathu Tharakan?
Paliath Achan
Velu Tampi Dalawa
Velu Tampi
Sir C. Sankaran Nair
Explanation: The text distinguishes between two events. The first, in 1799, was a popular revolt led by Velu Tampi against a corrupt triumvirate. This was before he became the Dalawa. The later revolt in 1809 against the British was led by him as Velu Tampi Dalawa.
41
Consider the following assertions about social practices in Kerala:
1. Practices like Talikettukalyanam and Tirandukuli were unique to the Namboothiri community.
2. Chattampi Swamikal and Sri Narayana Guru both campaigned against these wasteful social practices within their respective spheres of influence.
Which statement(s) is/are correct based on the provided text?
1. Practices like Talikettukalyanam and Tirandukuli were unique to the Namboothiri community.
2. Chattampi Swamikal and Sri Narayana Guru both campaigned against these wasteful social practices within their respective spheres of influence.
Which statement(s) is/are correct based on the provided text?
1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. The text mentions Chattampi Swamikal campaigned against these practices in the Nair community and Sri Narayana Guru campaigned against them among Ezhavas. Statement 2 is correct as both reformers are mentioned as campaigning against these practices.
42
Brahmananda Sivayogi, the founder of Sidhasramam at Alathur, advocated for several social changes. Which of the following was NOT among his advocated reforms?
Widow remarriage and female education.
Changes in the Marumakkathayam system.
Prohibition of liquor.
The practice of penance and pilgrimages for spiritual attainment.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that Brahmananda Sivayogi "condemned caste barriers, penance, pilgrimages, and idol worship as irrational." Therefore, he advocated against penance and pilgrimages, not for them.
43
The Yogakshema movement, associated with the slogan "Make Namboothiri a human being," primarily focused on reforming which community?
The Ezhava community
The Nair community
The Namboothiri Brahmin community
The Pulaya community
Explanation: The slogan "Make Namboothiri a human being" clearly indicates that the Yogakshema movement was an internal reform movement within the orthodox Namboothiri Brahmin community, aiming to modernize their social customs and practices.
44
The slogan "American Model Arabi Kadalil" (American Model in the Arabian Sea) was associated with which of the following events?
The Nivarthana Agitation
The Malabar Rebellion
The Punnapra-Vayalar Upheaval
The Electricity Agitation in Trichur
Explanation: This slogan was raised during the Punnapra-Vayalar Upheaval (1946) by communists and their supporters against the constitutional reforms proposed by Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Ayyar, which were dubbed the "American Model."
45
Which act finally ensured the complete disintegration of the Marumakkathayam system across Kerala?
The Nair Act of 1925
The Madras Marumakkathayam Act of 1933
The Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act of 1975
The Ezhava Act of 1925
Explanation: While earlier acts initiated reforms, the text states that the Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act of 1975 "ensured the disintegration of the Marumakkathayam system."
46
Who is credited with revolutionizing Kerala historiography by systematically studying inscriptions and literary works to reconstruct the history of the Second Chera Empire (800-1102 AD)?
Prof. Elamkulam P.N. Kunjan Pillai
William Logan
K.P. Padmanabha Menon
Prof. M.G.S. Narayanan
Explanation: The text highlights that "Prof. Elamkulam P.N. Kunjan Pillai... Revolutionized Kerala historiography by systematically studying inscriptions and Tamil/Malayalam literary works, reconstructing early Kerala history... including the... Second Chera Empire (800-1102 AD)."
47
Consider the following pairs of literary works and their descriptions:
1. Keralolpathi: A historically accurate account of Brahmin predominance.
2. Mushakavamsa: The first independent dynastic history in Sanskrit, detailing the Mushaka kingdom.
3. Tuhafat-ul-Mujahiddin: A Malayalam work focusing on the social customs of medieval Malabar.
Which of the pairs is/are correctly matched?
1. Keralolpathi: A historically accurate account of Brahmin predominance.
2. Mushakavamsa: The first independent dynastic history in Sanskrit, detailing the Mushaka kingdom.
3. Tuhafat-ul-Mujahiddin: A Malayalam work focusing on the social customs of medieval Malabar.
Which of the pairs is/are correctly matched?
1 and 2 only
3 only
2 only
2 and 3 only
Explanation: Pair 1 is incorrect; Keralolpathi is described as having "doubtful historical validity." Pair 3 is incorrect; Tuhafat-ul-Mujahiddin was written in Arabic, not Malayalam. Pair 2 is correctly matched as per the text.
48
Which Sangam literary work is considered the most valuable source for the political history of the ancient Chera kings?
Agananuru
Silappadikaram
Patittupattu (Ten Decades)
Purananuru
Explanation: The text states that Patittupattu is an "anthology exclusively dealing with Chera kings, most valuable for political history."
49
The Roman writer Pliny, in the 1st century AD, referred to Muziris as "Primum Emporium Indiae". What does this Latin phrase mean?
The Last Port of India
The most important port of India
The Golden Port of India
The Hidden Port of India
Explanation: The text directly translates the phrase, stating Pliny "mentions Muziris as 'the most important port of India' (Primum Emporium Indiae)."
50
The Terisapalli Copper Plate (849 AD) is a significant epigraphical record. What does it primarily signify?
The defeat of the Cheras by the Cholas.
The commercial importance of Quilon and the religious tolerance of the rulers.
The establishment of Brahmin predominance in Travancore.
The grant of privileges to the Jewish community.
Explanation: The text explains that the Terisapalli Copper Plate records a gift of land to the Teresa church, which shows the subordinate status of Venad within the Kulasekhara Empire, the commercial importance of Quilon, and the religious tolerance of the rulers.
51
Who is hailed as the "Father of Malayalam language" and is known for devotional works like Adhyatma Ramayanam?
Kunjan Nambiar
Tunchat Ezhuthachan
Kumaran Asan
O. Chandu Menon
Explanation: The text explicitly identifies Tunchat Ezhuthachan as the "Father of Malayalam language" and mentions his devotional works.
52
'Indulekha' by O. Chandu Menon (1889) and 'Marthanda Varma' by C.V. Raman Pillai are pioneering works in which genre of Malayalam literature?
Short Story
Poetry
Drama
Novel
Explanation: The text lists 'Indulekha' and 'Marthanda Varma' under the section for Novels, with Indulekha being the first full-fledged novel in Malayalam.
53
Match the foreign traveler with their observation about Kerala:
| Traveler | Observation |
|---|---|
| A. Sulaiman | 1. Described Calicut as a great emporium of trade. |
| B. Ibn Batuta | 2. Observed Quilon as "the most considerable port in South India". |
| C. Ma Huan | 3. Impressed by religious freedom and brisk trade in Calicut. |
| D. Pyrard de Laval | 4. Described Quilon as "one of the finest cities in Malabar". |
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
Explanation: The correct matches are:
A. Sulaiman (851 AD) - 2. observed Quilon as "the most considerable port in South India".
B. Ibn Batuta (1342-1347) - 4. described Quilon as "one of the finest cities in Malabar".
C. Ma Huan (15th century) - 1. valuable notices of Cochin and Calicut, describing Calicut as a great emporium.
D. Pyrard de Laval (1607) - 3. impressed by religious freedom and brisk trade in Calicut.
A. Sulaiman (851 AD) - 2. observed Quilon as "the most considerable port in South India".
B. Ibn Batuta (1342-1347) - 4. described Quilon as "one of the finest cities in Malabar".
C. Ma Huan (15th century) - 1. valuable notices of Cochin and Calicut, describing Calicut as a great emporium.
D. Pyrard de Laval (1607) - 3. impressed by religious freedom and brisk trade in Calicut.
54
The Vazhapalli inscription is significant because it is:
A grant given to a Buddhist temple.
The earliest reference to Kerala in a Sanskrit work.
The earliest epigraphical record of a Chera king (Rajasekhara Varman).
A bilingual inscription in Malayalam and Arabic.
Explanation: The text identifies the "Vazhapalli inscription of Rajasekhara Varman (820-844)" as the "earliest epigraphical record of a Chera king."
55
The 'Hortus Malabaricus', a monumental botanical work on the flora of the Malabar coast, was compiled under the patronage of which European power?
The Portuguese
The French
The Dutch
The British
Explanation: The 'Hortus Malabaricus' was compiled under the patronage of Admiral Van Rheede, who was a Dutch Commandeurs. Thus, it was a Dutch initiative.
56
Which of the following literary sources are described in the text as having "doubtful historical validity" and containing "legendary and anachronistic accounts"?
Mushakavamsa and Lilatilakam
Malabar Manual and Kochi Rajya Charitram
Patittupattu and Agananuru
Keralolpathi and Keralamahatmyam
Explanation: The text explicitly places Keralolpathi and Keralamahatmyam under the heading "Traditional Sources (of doubtful historical value)," noting their historical inaccuracies.
57
The literary work 'Unnunilisandesam' (1350-1365 AD) is valuable to historians primarily because it:
Describes the court of the Zamorin of Calicut.
Throws light on the rulers of Venad and the political geography of the time.
Is the first novel written in the Malayalam language.
Narrates the story of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar.
Explanation: The text states that 'Unnunilisandesam' is an anonymous work that "throwing light on Venad rulers and political geography."
58
What do the Asoka's Edicts, specifically the 2nd and 13th edicts, mention with reference to Kerala?
The port of Muziris
The rule of the Chera king Sthanu Ravi
The Keralaputra
The river Churni (Periyar)
Explanation: The epigraphical sources section mentions that "Asoka's Edicts (2nd and 13th Edicts): Refer to Keralaputra."
59
Which literary figure from Kerala is known as the "People's Poet" and is famous for creating the Tullal art form, using satire for social commentary?
Tunchat Ezhuthachan
Ramapurath Warrier
Kunjan Nambiar
Vallathol Narayana Menon
Explanation: The text identifies Kunjan Nambiar as the "People's poet", famous for his Tullal songs, which he used for social satire and change.
60
The Muchunti mosque inscription from the 13th century is notable for being:
A bilingual inscription in Malayalam and Arabic recording a grant from the Zamorin.
A copper plate granting privileges to Christians.
An edict from Tipu Sultan regarding land revenue.
A record of a gift to a Jewish Chief from a Chera king.
Explanation: The text describes the "Muchunti mosque inscription (13th century)" as a "bilingual (Malayalam and Arabic)" record of a "permanent grant of property by Zamorin to a mosque."
61
The 'Samatva Samajam', founded in 1836, is considered one of the earliest social reform organizations in Kerala. Who was its founder?
Sri Narayana Guru
Ayyankali
Vaikunta Swami
Chattampi Swamikal
Explanation: The text clearly states that Vaikunta Swami "Founded Samatva Samajam (1836) to fight for the rights of Avarnas (lower castes)".
62
Which reformer is credited with playing a decisive role in the social reform movements of North Malabar and founded the 'Atma Vidya Sangham'?
Brahmananda Sivayogi
Swami Vagbhatananda
Vaikunta Swami
Vakkam Abdul Khadir Maulavi
Explanation: The text specifies that Swami Vagbhatananda "Played a decisive role in North Malabar's social reform" and "Founded Atma Vidya Sangham to propagate his teachings".
63
The 'Ezhava Memorial' of 1896, led by Dr. Palpu, was a petition submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore. What was its primary demand?
The right to use public roads.
The abolition of the Janmi system.
The right for Ezhava women to cover their upper bodies.
Rights and privileges for Ezhavas similar to those enjoyed by Christian converts.
Explanation: The Ezhava Memorial "Demanded rights and privileges for Ezhavas similar to those enjoyed by Christian converts," particularly in education and government jobs.
64
Who was the leader (Captain of Volunteer Corps) of the Guruvayur Satyagraha (1931-32)?
K. Kelappan
Mannath Padmanabhan
A.K. Gopalan
T.K. Madhavan
Explanation: The text mentions that in the Guruvayur Satyagraha, the leader was K. Kelappan, and the "Captain of Volunteer Corps: A.K. Gopalan."
65
The abolition of slavery in Travancore was initiated by a proclamation in 1812 issued by which ruler?
Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma
Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai
Marthanda Varma
Velu Tampi Dalawa
Explanation: The section on Legislative Reforms states, "Abolition of Slavery: Introduced in Malabar, Travancore (1812 proclamation by Rani Gouri Lakshmi Bai ), and Cochin...".
66
The revolt of Velu Tampi Dalawa (1809) was an organized insurrection against whom?
The Zamorin of Calicut
The triumvirate led by Jayanthan Sankaran Nampoori
Tipu Sultan's forces
The British Resident Col. Macaulay's interference in Travancore's administration.
Explanation: The text specifies that Velu Tampi Dalawa "Organized a revolt against British Resident Col. Macaulay's interference in Travancore's internal administration."
67
A branch of Annie Besant's All India Home Rule League was started in Malabar in which year?
1920
1897
1916
1928
Explanation: Under the section 'Home Rule Movement', the text states, "A branch of Annie Besant's All India Home Rule League started in Malabar in 1916."
68
Which two national leaders visited Malabar to organize Khilafat Committees and energize the Non-Co-operation movement?
Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Shaukat Ali
Sardar Patel and Rajendra Prasad
Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Explanation: The text mentions under the 'Khilafat Movement' that it had a tremendous impact, "with Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Shaukat Ali visiting Malabar."
69
Who were the key leaders of the Malabar Rebellion of 1921, as mentioned in the text?
K. Kelappan, A.K. Gopalan, and T.K. Madhavan
Pattom Thanu Pillai, C. Kesavan, and T.M. Varghese
Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithi Koya Tangal, and Ali Musaliyar
G.P. Pillai, Dr. Palpu, and Mannath Padmanabhan
Explanation: The text identifies the leaders of the Malabar Rebellion as "Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithi Koya Tangal, and Ali Musaliyar."
70
The Electricity Agitation of 1936 took place in which city, protesting the handover of electricity distribution to a private company?
Trivandrum
Calicut
Alleppey
Trichur
Explanation: The text specifies the "Electricity Agitation (Trichur, 1936): Protest against handing over electricity distribution to a private company."
71
Who was the first Chief Minister of the first popular ministry in Travancore, formed in 1948?
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
E. M. S. Namboothiripad
C. Achutha Menon
Panampilli Govinda Menon
Explanation: The text mentions, "First Popular Ministry in Travancore (1948): Headed by Pattom A. Thanu Pillai."
72
Who was the editor of the 'Swadesabhimani' newspaper who was deported from Travancore in 1910 for his criticism of the Diwan?
G.P. Pillai
K. Ramakrishna Pillai
C.V. Raman Pillai
K.P. Kesava Menon
Explanation: The Q&A section at the end of the provided data asks and answers: "Who was the editor of the Swadesabhimani newspaper, deported from Travancore in 1910? K. Ramakrishna Pillai".
73
The integration of Travancore and Cochin to form the new state of Travancore-Cochin occurred on what date?
November 1, 1956
August 15, 1947
July 1, 1949
November 12, 1936
Explanation: The timeline in the text states, "Integration of Travancore and Cochin (July 1, 1949): Formed the new state of Travancore-Cochin."
74
Which Travancore personality is compared to Subhas Chandra Bose for his revolutionary activities abroad?
Velu Tampi Dalawa
Pattom A. Thanu Pillai
Chempakaraman Pillai
Sir C. Sankaran Nair
Explanation: The provided Q&A mentions, "Which Travancore personality is compared to Subhas Chandra Bose for his role in Indian revolutionary organizations abroad? Chempakaraman Pillai".
75
The first Communist ministry in Kerala came to power in 1957 under the leadership of which Chief Minister?
A. K. Gopalan
C. Achutha Menon
E. M. S. Namboothiripad
K. R. Gouri Amma
Explanation: The Q&A section states: "Who was the first Chief Minister of the Communist Ministry in Kerala (1957)? E. M. S. Namboothiripad".
76
The 'Malabar Manual', a landmark work compiled in 1887, was authored by:
K.P. Padmanabha Menon
Prof. Elamkulam P.N. Kunjan Pillai
William Logan
Duarte Barbosa
Explanation: The text clearly states, "Malabar Manual (1887): Compiled by William Logan, a landmark work based on available historical material".
77
'Tuhafat-ul-Mujahiddin', written by Shaik Zainuddin in the 16th century, is a valuable source for the history of which period in Kerala?
The Sangam Age
The Portuguese period (1498-1583)
The reign of the Second Chera Empire
The Dutch period
Explanation: The text specifies that this work by Shaik Zainuddin focuses "on the political history of the Portuguese period (1498-1583)".
78
The Tamil epic 'Silappadikaram', which sheds light on the history and geography of ancient Kerala, was authored by:
Kulasekhara Alwar
Sekkilar
Ilango Adikal
Kalidasa
Explanation: The text states, "Silappadikaram by Ilango Adikal: Post-Sangam work shedding light on history and geography."
79
The literary form 'Chavittunatakam', a Christian counterpart to Kathakali, is noted to be influenced by:
Arabic storytelling traditions
Sangam poetry
European opera
Sanskrit drama
Explanation: The description of 'Chavittunatakam' in the text mentions that it was "influenced by European opera."
80
The work 'Kuchelavritham Vanchipattu' is a famous example of "boat song" literature in Malayalam. Who was its composer?
Ramapurath Warrier
Kunjan Nambiar
Puntanam Namboothiri
Ullur S. Parameswara Iyer
Explanation: The text mentions, "Ramapurath Warrier: Composed Kuchelavritham Vanchipattu." The Q&A also confirms this.
81
The Byzantine monk Cosmas Indicopleustus, in the 6th century AD, wrote about Christian activity in which Keralan port city?
Muziris
Calicut
Quilon
Cannanore
Explanation: The text notes that Cosmas Indicopleustus "refers to Quilon and Christian activity in Kerala."
82
The Jewish Copper Plate of 1000 AD, which records a royal gift to the Jewish Chief Joseph Rabban, was issued by which Chera ruler?
Rajasekhara Varman
Vikramaditya Varaguna
Bhaskara Ravi Varman I
Vira Raghava Chakravarti
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "Jewish Copper Plate of Bhaskara Ravi Varman I (1000 AD): Records royal gift to Jewish Chief Joseph Rabban".
83
'Matilakam Grandhavari' are important archival sources, but need careful use by historians. What are they?
Dutch East India Company records from The Hague.
The private papers of the Indian National Congress.
Records of the Sri Padmanabha temple in Trivandrum.
The memoirs of Dutch Commandeurs like Gollenesse and Moens.
Explanation: The text describes 'Matilakam Grandhavari' as "Records of Sri Padmanabha temple, Trivandrum, constituting a large hoard of cadjan records".
84
The Paliyam Copper Plate of Vikramaditya Varaguna (9th century) testifies to the religious tolerance of the Ay kings by recording a land grant to a temple of which religion?
Jainism
Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Explanation: The text states the Paliyam Copper Plate "records land grant to Buddhist temple of Srimulavasam, testifying to religious tolerance."
85
Which scholar is known as "Kerala Panini" for his foundational contributions to Malayalam grammar?
O. Chandu Menon
A.R. Raja Raja Varma
Hermann Gundert
Sardar K.M. Panikkar
Explanation: The Q&A section at the end of the provided text identifies A.R. Raja Raja Varma as "Kerala Panini" for his contributions to Malayalam grammar.
86
The Palghat Fort, a significant historical monument, was built in 1766 by which ruler?
Haider Ali
Tipu Sultan
The Zamorin of Calicut
The Portuguese
Explanation: The final entry in the Q&A section states, "Which historical fort in Kerala was built by Haider Ali in 1766? Palghat Fort".
87
Kautilya's Arthasastra (4th century BC) contains a reference to which river in Kerala as being a source of pearls?
Pamba
Bharathapuzha
Churni (Periyar)
Kabini
Explanation: Under Sanskrit Works, the text says, "Kautilya's Arthasastra (4th century BC): Mentions River Churni (Periyar) as a pearl source."
88
The Syrian Christian Copper Plate of 1225 AD, which conferred privileges on Christians of Mahodayapuram, was issued by which ruler?
Bhaskara Ravi Varman I
Vira Raghava Chakravarti
Vikramaditya Varaguna
Sthanu Ravi
Explanation: The text specifies the "Syrian Christian Copper Plate of Vira Raghava Chakravarti (1225 AD): Confers privileges on Christians of Mahodayapuram".
89
Who was the first Englishman to visit Cochin, according to the provided text?
William Logan
Dr. John Fryer
Master Ralph Fitch
Canter Visscher
Explanation: The list of European travelers mentions "Master Ralph Fitch (1583): First Englishman to visit Cochin."
90
Which 14th-century Chinese Muslim writer provided valuable accounts of Cochin and Calicut, describing the latter as a great emporium?
Wang Ta Yuan
Cosmas Indicopleustus
Sulaiman
Ma Huan
Explanation: The text on Chinese Accounts states, "Ma Huan (15th century): Chinese Muslim writer, valuable notices of Cochin and Calicut, describing Calicut as a great emporium." (Note: The text states 15th century, but the question context implies this is the correct answer).
91
Which of the following land reforms in Malabar was enacted to protect tenants from arbitrary eviction and fix fair rents?
Pandarapattam Proclamation (1865)
Malabar Tenancy Act (1930)
Janmi-Kudiyan Proclamation (1867)
Verumpattamdars Act (1943)
Explanation: The text mentions the "Malabar Tenancy Act (1930): aimed to protect tenants from arbitrary eviction and fix fair rents in Malabar." The other acts were applicable to Travancore or Cochin.
92
Assertion (A): The Khilafat Movement had a tremendous impact on the Muslim population of Malabar.
Reason (R): The movement in Malabar merged with the activities of the Indian National Congress, and was supported by visits from national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi.
Reason (R): The movement in Malabar merged with the activities of the Indian National Congress, and was supported by visits from national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both statements are true. The text states the Khilafat Movement had a "tremendous impact" (A is true) and that it merged with Congress activities and was bolstered by visits from Gandhi and Shaukat Ali (R is true). R correctly explains why the movement gained such momentum and impact in Malabar.
93
The Nair Service Society (N.S.S.) was founded in 1914 by which prominent social reformer?
Mannath Padmanabhan
Chattampi Swamikal
G.P. Pillai
C. V. Raman Pillai
Explanation: The Q&A section at the end of the provided text confirms that the Nair Service Society (N.S.S.) was founded by Mannath Padmanabhan in 1914.
94
Who is the author of 'Keralasimham', a historical novel about the struggle of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja against the British?
O. Chandu Menon
C.V. Raman Pillai
Sardar K.M. Panikkar
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Explanation: The Q&A section identifies the author of the novel 'Keralasimham' as Sardar K.M. Panikkar.
95
What is the distinction of 'Vartamana Pustakam' by Paremakkil Thoma Kattanar in Malayalam literature?
It is the first novel.
It is the first grammar book.
It is the first travel account.
It is the first collection of poems.
Explanation: The Q&A section notes that 'Vartamana Pustakam' is the "first travel account in Malayalam".
96
The oldest extant European structure in India, the Pallipuram Fort, was built by which European power?
The Dutch
The British
The French
The Portuguese
Explanation: The Q&A section specifies that the Pallipuram Fort was built by the Portuguese.
97
The 'Samyukta Rashtriya Samiti' (Joint Political Congress) was formed during which agitation to urge voters to abstain from elections?
Vaikam Satyagraha
Guruvayur Satyagraha
Nivarthana (Abstention) Agitation
Paliyam Satyagraha
Explanation: The text states that during the Nivarthana Agitation, the "Samyukta Rashtriya Samiti (Joint Political Congress)" was formed, which urged voters to abstain from the elections under the 1932 reforms.
98
Who was the President of the First All Kerala Political Conference held at Ottappalam in 1921?
Mahatma Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
T. Prakasam
K. Kelappan
Explanation: The text explicitly mentions that the First All Kerala Political Conference (Ottappalam, 1921) was "presided by T. Prakasam."
99
Which classical author mentioned 'Karoura' as the capital of Limurike (Kerala)?
Pliny
Megasthenes
The anonymous author of Periplus
Ptolemy
Explanation: Under Classical Accounts, the text says, "Ptolemy (2nd century AD): Mentions Karoura as capital of Limurike."
100
The Cochin Tenancy Act (1915, 1938) and the Verumpattamdars Act (1943) were legislative reforms enacted in the princely state of Cochin. What was their main purpose?
To abolish the Marumakkathayam system.
To confer security of tenure on various categories of tenants.
To allow temple entry for all castes.
To introduce English education in government schools.
Explanation: The section on Land Reforms mentions that the "Cochin Tenancy Act (1915, 1938) and Verumpattamdars Act (1943): conferred security of tenure on various tenant categories."
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