Geography Mock Test For UPSC and Kerala PSC Exams
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1.
Consider the following statements and identify the correct one(s):
I. The primary reason for the change of seasons on Earth is the variation in the Earth's distance from the Sun.
II. The angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the duration of daylight are the most significant factors influencing the amount of insolation received at any point on Earth's surface.
I. The primary reason for the change of seasons on Earth is the variation in the Earth's distance from the Sun.
II. The angle of incidence of the sun's rays and the duration of daylight are the most significant factors influencing the amount of insolation received at any point on Earth's surface.
Both I and II are correct.
Only II is correct.
Only I is correct.
Neither I nor II is correct.
Explanation: Statement I is incorrect; the tilt of the Earth's axis is the primary reason for seasons. Statement II correctly identifies the main factors for insolation variation.
2.
Which of the following atmospheric heating processes is responsible for the formation of the 'Loo' in Northern India during the summer?
Conduction
Convection
Advection
Terrestrial Radiation
Explanation: Advection is the horizontal transfer of heat by wind. The 'Loo' is a hot, dry wind that brings high temperatures to the northern plains of India.
3.
Match the following:
A. Albedo of the Earth | 1. 6.5°C per 1,000 meters
B. Normal Lapse Rate | 2. 35 units (of 100)
C. Perihelion | 3. July 4th
D. Aphelion | 4. January 3rd
A. Albedo of the Earth | 1. 6.5°C per 1,000 meters
B. Normal Lapse Rate | 2. 35 units (of 100)
C. Perihelion | 3. July 4th
D. Aphelion | 4. January 3rd
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
Explanation: Albedo of the Earth is the reflection of 35 units of solar radiation. The Normal Lapse Rate is the decrease in temperature with altitude. Perihelion is the closest position to the sun, and Aphelion is the farthest.
4.
Subtropical deserts receive the maximum insolation. What is the primary reason for this?
They are located at the equator.
They have a longer duration of daylight.
They have the least cloudiness.
The sun's rays are vertical throughout the year.
Explanation: The transparency of the atmosphere, largely determined by cloud cover, is a key factor in insolation. Subtropical deserts have clear skies, allowing more solar radiation to reach the surface.
5.
The atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.
direct insolation
absorption of UV rays by the ozone layer
terrestrial radiation
conduction from the oceans
Explanation: The Earth's surface absorbs short-wave insolation and radiates it back as long-wave terrestrial radiation, which is then absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, heating it from below.
6.
Which of the following is NOT a primary greenhouse gas?
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Argon (Ar)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Explanation: Argon is a noble gas and does not absorb long-wave radiation, hence it is not a greenhouse gas.
7.
The Kyoto Protocol aimed to:
Bind industrialized countries to reduce their GHG emissions.
Provide financial assistance to developing countries for climate change mitigation.
Ban the use of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Promote research on renewable energy sources.
Explanation: The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, was an international treaty that committed industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.
8.
Consider the following statements regarding the causes of climate change:
I. Astronomical causes include variations in the Earth's orbit and solar output.
II. Terrestrial causes, such as volcanic eruptions, always lead to a long-term increase in global temperatures.
Which of the statement(s) is/are correct?
I. Astronomical causes include variations in the Earth's orbit and solar output.
II. Terrestrial causes, such as volcanic eruptions, always lead to a long-term increase in global temperatures.
Which of the statement(s) is/are correct?
Both I and II are correct.
Only II is correct.
Only I is correct.
Neither I nor II is correct.
Explanation: Statement I is correct. Milankovitch cycles and sunspot activity are astronomical causes of climate change. Statement II is incorrect as volcanic eruptions release aerosols that can cause short-term cooling by blocking solar radiation.
9.
The phenomenon of the "ozone hole" is the depletion of the ozone layer primarily caused by __________.
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Nitrous Oxide
Explanation: CFCs, when they reach the stratosphere, are broken down by UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that catalytically destroy ozone molecules.
10.
Which of the following is a direct consequence of the thermal expansion of seawater due to global warming?
Increased frequency of earthquakes.
Rise in sea level.
Changes in oceanic salinity.
Strengthening of ocean currents.
Explanation: As the ocean warms, the water expands, contributing to a rise in global sea level.
11.
"Smokestack industries" are typically associated with which type of pollution?
Agricultural pollution
Noise pollution
Industrial pollution
Thermal pollution
Explanation: The term "smokestack industries" refers to heavy industries that are major sources of air and water pollution from their industrial processes.
12.
The formation of urban heat islands is primarily due to:
A high concentration of population.
The presence of concrete structures that absorb and radiate more heat.
Increased vehicular emissions.
The lack of proper sewerage systems.
Explanation: Urban areas have more surfaces like asphalt and concrete that absorb solar radiation and radiate it as heat, leading to higher temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas.
13.
Which of the following diseases is most likely to be prevalent in rural areas with inadequate safe drinking water supply?
Asthma
Cholera
Lung cancer
Heart disease
Explanation: Cholera is a water-borne disease that spreads through contaminated water, a common problem in areas with poor sanitation and lack of access to clean water.
14.
Acid rain is a consequence of which type of pollution?
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution
Noise pollution
Explanation: Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids.
15.
The unsustainable expansion of operations by multinational corporations in the oil and gas sector at the expense of the environment is an example of pollution from _______________.
agriculture
trade and transport
urbanization
domestic sources
Explanation: The text links the environmental impact of multinational corporations in sectors like oil and gas to the broader category of pollution from trade and transport.
16.
On a 1:50,000 scale topographical map, what does the color green typically represent?
Water bodies
Vegetation/Forests
Cultivated areas
Settlements
Explanation: Conventional signs on topographical maps use specific colors to represent different features. Green is used for all types of vegetation and forested areas.
17.
Closely spaced contour lines on a topographical map indicate a __________.
gentle slope
steep slope
valley
plateau
Explanation: The spacing of contour lines represents the gradient of the slope. The closer the lines, the steeper the terrain.
18.
Which organization is responsible for the production of topographical maps in India?
National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO)
Survey of India (SOI)
Geological Survey of India (GSI)
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Explanation: The Survey of India, established in 1767, is the national mapping agency of India and is responsible for all topographical surveys and mapping.
19.
The 'V' shape of contour lines with the apex pointing towards higher ground represents a __________.
ridge
valley
spur
saddle
Explanation: In a valley, the lowest point is along the stream bed, and the contour lines bend upstream, pointing towards higher elevations.
20.
What is the scale of a 'Million Sheet' in the India and Adjacent Countries (IAC) Series?
1:250,000
1:1,000,000
1:50,000
1:25,000
Explanation: The IAC series starts with the Million Sheet, which covers a 4° latitude by 4° longitude area at a scale of 1:1,000,000.
21.
Which type of scattering is responsible for the blue color of the sky?
Rayleigh Scattering
Mie Scattering
Non-selective Scattering
Raman Scattering
Explanation: Rayleigh scattering affects shorter wavelengths of light more strongly and is caused by particles much smaller than the wavelength of the radiation, such as gas molecules in the atmosphere.
22.
In remote sensing, the unique pattern of reflection, absorption, and transmission of electromagnetic radiation by an object is known as its __________.
atmospheric window
spectral signature
albedo
radiometric resolution
Explanation: Every feature on the Earth's surface has a unique spectral signature, which is used to identify and differentiate objects in a satellite image.
23.
Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is most useful for assessing plant health in remote sensing?
Visible green
Thermal Infrared
Near-Infrared (NIR)
Microwave
Explanation: Healthy vegetation strongly reflects NIR radiation, so changes in NIR reflectance can indicate plant stress or disease.
24.
An active remote sensing system differs from a passive system in that it:
Can only be used during the day.
Has its own source of energy to illuminate the target.
Is not affected by the Earth's atmosphere.
Uses a different part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Explanation: Active remote sensing systems, like RADAR, emit their own energy and then detect the reflected energy, allowing them to operate day and night and in all weather conditions.
25.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the remote sensing process?
Energy source
Interaction with the target
Direct physical contact with the object
Transmission, reception, and processing of data
Explanation: Remote sensing is defined as obtaining information about an object without being in direct physical contact with it.
26.
The Earth's heat budget remains balanced because:
The amount of incoming solar radiation is constant throughout the year.
The amount of energy radiated back by the Earth equals the amount it receives.
The oceans absorb the excess heat from the atmosphere.
The atmosphere reflects most of the incoming solar radiation.
Explanation: The Earth maintains a stable average temperature because it radiates the same amount of energy back to space that it absorbs from the sun.
27.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the heating of land and water?
Land heats up and cools down slower than water.
Land heats up and cools down faster than water.
Land and water heat up and cool down at the same rate.
The rate of heating and cooling depends on the latitude.
Explanation: Land has a lower specific heat capacity than water, so it heats up and cools down more quickly, leading to greater temperature extremes in continental interiors.
28.
Which of the following is an example of an anthropogenic cause of climate change?
Milankovitch cycles
Volcanic eruptions
Deforestation
Sunspot activity
Explanation: Deforestation is a human activity that contributes to climate change by reducing the Earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.
29.
The "greenhouse effect" is a natural process. Why, then, is it associated with global warming?
The greenhouse effect is not a natural process.
Human activities are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect by increasing the concentration of greenhouse gases.
The greenhouse effect only started after the industrial revolution.
The term "greenhouse effect" is a misnomer and has no relation to global warming.
Explanation: The natural greenhouse effect is essential for life on Earth. However, the increased concentration of greenhouse gases from human activities has intensified this effect, leading to global warming.
30.
Consider the following statements:
I. The Ruhr industrial region in Germany has successfully addressed all its pollution problems.
II. Unplanned urban growth in developing countries is a major contributor to environmental degradation.
Which of the statement(s) is/are correct?
I. The Ruhr industrial region in Germany has successfully addressed all its pollution problems.
II. Unplanned urban growth in developing countries is a major contributor to environmental degradation.
Which of the statement(s) is/are correct?
Both I and II are correct.
Only II is correct.
Only I is correct.
Neither I nor II is correct.
Explanation: Statement I is incorrect; while the Ruhr region has made progress, it still faces challenges. Statement II is correct; rapid and unplanned urbanization often leads to severe environmental problems.
31.
A saddle or col on a topographical map is represented by:
Concentric circles with increasing elevation towards the center.
A dip or low point between two peaks.
'V' shaped contours pointing towards lower ground.
Closely spaced contour lines forming a single line.
Explanation: A saddle is the low point on a ridge between two higher points.
32.
Why does water appear dark in a Near-Infrared (NIR) remote sensing image?
It reflects NIR radiation strongly.
It absorbs most of the NIR radiation.
It scatters NIR radiation.
It has a similar spectral signature to vegetation in the NIR band.
Explanation: Water absorbs most of the incoming radiation in the NIR part of the spectrum, so it appears dark in NIR imagery.
33.
Which of the following is an example of heat transfer by convection in the atmosphere?
The rising of warm air from the heated surface of the Earth.
The transfer of heat from the ground to the air in direct contact with it.
The movement of warm air from the tropics to the poles.
The cooling of the land surface at night through radiation.
Explanation: Convection is the vertical transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid (in this case, air).
34.
Which of the following international agreements specifically addresses the issue of ozone layer depletion?
Kyoto Protocol
Montreal Protocol
Paris Agreement
Rio Declaration
Explanation: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
35.
Fill in the blank: The use of chemical fertilizers in modern agriculture can lead to _________ and water pollution.
air
soil
noise
light
Explanation: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can degrade the soil quality and the runoff can contaminate nearby water bodies.
36.
On an Indian topographical map, a sheet is numbered '53B/7'. What does the component 'B' signify?
A Million Sheet with a scale of 1:1,000,000.
A Degree Sheet with a scale of 1:250,000.
A 15' x 15' sheet with a scale of 1:50,000.
An Open Series Map (OSM) sheet.
Explanation: In the India and Adjacent Countries (IAC) series numbering system, the number (e.g., 53) represents the Million Sheet. This is divided into 16 Degree Sheets denoted by letters A to P. So, 'B' represents a specific Degree Sheet (53B) at a scale of 1:250,000.
37.
How would a spur be represented on a topographical map using contour lines?
Concentric circles with decreasing elevation towards the center.
'V' shaped contours with the apex pointing towards higher ground.
'V' shaped contours with the apex pointing towards lower ground.
Contours merging to form a single line.
Explanation: A spur is a projection of land from higher to lower ground. Contour lines bend around this feature, forming a 'V' shape where the tip of the 'V' points downhill or towards lower elevation.
38.
Consider the following statements regarding remote sensing:
Statement 1: Active remote sensing systems are constrained by time of day and weather conditions.
Statement 2: The spectral signature of an object is independent of the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Statement 1: Active remote sensing systems are constrained by time of day and weather conditions.
Statement 2: The spectral signature of an object is independent of the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Both statements are incorrect. Active remote sensing systems (like RADAR) provide their own illumination and can operate day and night, often penetrating clouds. The spectral signature is the unique pattern of reflection/absorption of an object *across different wavelengths*, making it fundamentally dependent on the wavelength.
39.
Atmospheric windows are crucial for remote sensing because they are wavelengths where the atmosphere is largely _________.
transparent to electromagnetic radiation.
absorbent to electromagnetic radiation.
reflective of electromagnetic radiation.
prone to Mie scattering.
Explanation: Atmospheric windows are specific regions of the electromagnetic spectrum where the atmosphere does not absorb radiation significantly, allowing energy to travel from the surface to the sensor.
40.
Assertion (A): Coastal areas experience a more moderate climate compared to continental interiors.
Reason (R): The process of advection, in the form of land and sea breezes, moderates temperatures in coastal regions.
Select the correct option.
Reason (R): The process of advection, in the form of land and sea breezes, moderates temperatures in coastal regions.
Select the correct option.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Assertion A is correct; the differential heating of land and sea leads to moderate coastal climates. Reason R is also correct and provides the mechanism (advection via sea/land breezes) that explains this moderation.
41.
In the Earth's heat budget, what happens to the 51 units of insolation absorbed by the Earth's surface?
All 51 units are radiated directly back to space.
All 51 units are absorbed by the atmosphere.
17 units are radiated to space, and 34 units are absorbed by the atmosphere.
17 units are absorbed by the atmosphere, and 34 units are radiated to space.
Explanation: The 51 units of energy absorbed by the Earth are radiated back as terrestrial radiation. Of this, 17 units escape directly to space, while the atmosphere absorbs the remaining 34 units.
42.
The increasing concentration of which gas, primarily from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, is the largest contributor to anthropogenic global warming?
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Explanation: The text explicitly states that Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the greenhouse gas with the largest concentration, mainly emitted from burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
43.
Which of these is NOT a projected impact of global warming mentioned in the text?
Rise in sea level due to melting glaciers.
A decrease in the frequency of extreme weather events.
Inundation of low-lying coastal areas and islands.
Disruption of ecosystems and agricultural patterns.
Explanation: The text clearly states that an impact of global warming will be an *increased* frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like floods and droughts, not a decrease.
44.
What primary environmental issue is associated with the massive use of traditional fuels in domestic sectors in the cities of developing countries?
Water pollution
Land degradation
Urban heat islands
Air pollution
Explanation: The text identifies air pollution as a severe environmental problem in cities of developing countries, caused by the massive use of traditional fuels for domestic and industrial purposes.
45.
Pollution from mining activities, as mentioned in the text, leads to significant _______________.
urban heat island effects.
environmental degradation.
ozone layer depletion.
acid rain formation.
Explanation: The text directly links mining activities with significant environmental degradation as a form of industrial pollution.
46.
What is the Contour Interval (C.I.) on a topographical map?
The horizontal distance between two consecutive contour lines.
The vertical distance between two consecutive contour lines.
The ratio of map distance to ground distance.
The difference in latitude between the top and bottom of the map.
Explanation: The Contour Interval is a fixed value for a given map that represents the difference in elevation between any two adjacent contour lines.
47.
Which color is used to depict cultivated areas on a topographical map?
Green
Red
Yellow
Brown
Explanation: According to the conventional color scheme mentioned, yellow is used to show cultivated or agricultural land.
48.
Mie scattering is primarily caused by particles in the atmosphere that are:
Much smaller than the EMR wavelength (e.g., gas molecules).
About the same size as the EMR wavelength (e.g., dust, smoke).
Much larger than the EMR wavelength (e.g., water droplets).
Found only in the upper stratosphere.
Explanation: The text specifies that Mie scattering occurs when atmospheric particles like dust or smoke have diameters roughly equal to the wavelength of the incoming radiation.
49.
Why do clouds typically appear white in visible light?
Due to Rayleigh scattering of blue light.
Due to strong absorption of all visible wavelengths.
Due to Non-selective scattering of all visible wavelengths equally.
Due to the high reflectance of water in the visible spectrum.
Explanation: Cloud droplets are much larger than the wavelengths of visible light. This causes Non-selective scattering, where all visible wavelengths (red, green, blue) are scattered equally, combining to create white light.
50.
The Normal Lapse Rate of 6.5°C per 1,000 meters occurs because:
Air pressure increases with altitude.
Incoming solar radiation is weaker at higher altitudes.
The atmosphere is primarily heated by terrestrial radiation from below.
The concentration of greenhouse gases is higher at greater altitudes.
Explanation: Temperature decreases with altitude (lapse rate) because the atmosphere's main heat source is the long-wave radiation from the Earth's surface. As altitude increases, the distance from this heat source increases, resulting in lower temperatures.
51.
Which of the following is an example of an ocean current significantly warming an adjacent landmass?
The Labrador Current cooling Northeast North America.
The Gulf Stream warming Western Europe.
The land breeze effect on a summer day.
The formation of a heat island in a large city.
Explanation: The text provides the Gulf Stream, a warm current, as a prime example of an ocean current raising the temperature of adjacent coastal areas, specifically Western Europe.
52.
Match the Greenhouse Gas with its primary source:
A. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | 1. Man-made industrial product
B. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | 2. Fossil fuel combustion
C. Methane (CH4) | 3. Agricultural activities, natural gas leaks
A. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | 1. Man-made industrial product
B. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) | 2. Fossil fuel combustion
C. Methane (CH4) | 3. Agricultural activities, natural gas leaks
A-1, B-2, C-3
A-2, B-1, C-3
A-3, B-1, C-2
A-2, B-3, C-1
Explanation: CO2 is primarily from fossil fuels. CFCs are synthetic industrial chemicals. Methane (CH4) is associated with sources like agriculture (livestock, rice paddies) and fossil fuel extraction.
53.
According to the text, the globally averaged annual mean temperature at the end of the 20th century was approximately how much higher than at the end of the 19th century?
0.1°C
1.0°C
0.6°C
1.5°C
Explanation: The provided text explicitly states that the globally averaged annual mean temperature at the end of the 20th century was about 0.6°C higher than at the end of the 19th century.
54.
Which of the following problems is created by an improper sewerage system in urban areas?
Urban heat islands.
Unhealthy conditions and water pollution.
Increased air pollution from vehicles.
Destruction of the ozone layer.
Explanation: The text points out that an improper sewerage system creates unhealthy conditions and leads to water pollution as domestic and industrial wastes are let into general sewerages or water bodies without treatment.
55.
The destruction of weak and sensitive species due to pollutants like hydrocarbons and toxic heavy metals directly impacts an area's ___________.
albedo
urban heat island intensity
biodiversity
contour interval
Explanation: The text mentions that agricultural pollutants can destroy weak and sensitive species, which is a direct loss of biodiversity.
56.
Open Series Maps (OSM) were introduced as per the National Map Policy of 2005. A key feature of these maps is that they:
Show detailed military installations.
Are based on the Everest-1930 datum.
Do not show civil and military vulnerable areas.
Are only available at a 1:1,000,000 scale.
Explanation: A defining characteristic of OSMs, which makes them available to the general public, is the exclusion of sensitive information, specifically civil and military vulnerable areas.
57.
How is a plateau represented on a topographical map?
'V' shaped contours pointing towards higher ground.
Closely spaced contours on the sides enclosing a large area with widely spaced contours at the top.
A series of concentric contours with decreasing values towards the center.
Widely spaced contours indicating a uniform gentle slope.
Explanation: A plateau is a flat-topped upland. This is shown by steep slopes (closely spaced contours) on the sides and a large, relatively flat top (widely spaced or no contours).
58.
The field of 'Geo-informatics' is described as comprising which of the following techniques?
Only Remote Sensing (RS) and computer cartography.
Only Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS).
Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS).
Only computer cartography and topographical surveying.
Explanation: The text defines "Geo-informatics" as a field that includes Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS).
59.
How does the moisture content of soil affect its spectral signature?
Wetter soil has higher reflectance (appears brighter).
Moisture content does not affect the spectral signature of soil.
Wetter soil has lower reflectance (appears darker).
Moisture content only affects the signature in the visible spectrum.
Explanation: The text notes that factors like moisture content affect soil's signature, and specifically states that wetter soil is darker, meaning it has lower reflectance.
60.
Consider the following:
1. Rotation of the Earth on its axis
2. Angle of inclination of the sun's rays
3. Length of the day
4. Distance of Earth from the Sun
Which of the above are the most significant factors causing variability of insolation on the Earth's surface?
1. Rotation of the Earth on its axis
2. Angle of inclination of the sun's rays
3. Length of the day
4. Distance of Earth from the Sun
Which of the above are the most significant factors causing variability of insolation on the Earth's surface?
1 and 4 only
1, 2 and 4
1, 2 and 3
4 only
Explanation: The text lists rotation, angle of inclination, length of the day, and atmospheric transparency as the key factors. It explicitly states that the effect of the Earth's varying distance from the sun (Aphelion/Perihelion) is minimal compared to other factors.
61.
In the Earth's heat budget, what percentage of the incoming solar radiation is reflected back to space, constituting the Earth's albedo?
51%
65%
35%
14%
Explanation: The text specifies that 35 units out of 100 are reflected back to space before reaching the surface. This reflected amount is known as the albedo of the Earth.
62.
Which of these is considered a 'terrestrial cause' of climate change?
Changes in solar output associated with sunspots.
Milankovitch oscillations.
Volcanic eruptions.
Increased industrial emissions.
Explanation: The text categorizes causes of climate change. Astronomical causes include sunspots and orbital changes. Anthropogenic causes are human-induced. Volcanic eruptions are listed as a terrestrial (originating from Earth) cause.
63.
The Kyoto Protocol, which became effective in 2005, set a target for industrialized countries to reduce their GHG emissions by 2012 to what level?
5% more than 1990 levels.
10% less than 1990 levels.
5% less than 1990 levels.
The same as 1990 levels.
Explanation: The text states that the Kyoto Protocol bound 35 industrialized countries to reduce their emissions by 2012 to 5% less than their 1990 levels.
64.
Increased road traffic congestion in cities directly contributes to which two forms of pollution?
Water and land pollution.
Congestion and air pollution.
Noise and water pollution.
Air and land pollution.
Explanation: The text mentions that increased traffic leads to congestion (a problem in itself) and air pollution in cities.
65.
The dumping of untreated industrial and domestic waste is a primary cause of ________ pollution.
air and noise
thermal and light
water and land
ozone and stratospheric
Explanation: The text states that industrial wastes, both domestic and from industries, are often dumped without treatment, polluting water and land.
66.
On a topographical map, contour lines can never cross each other, except in the case of a ________.
gentle slope
saddle or col
ridge
vertical cliff or waterfall
Explanation: Each contour line represents a specific, single elevation. They can only touch or merge where the terrain is vertical or overhanging, such as a cliff face or a waterfall.
67.
Which element of marginal information on a toposheet explains the meaning of the various symbols used?
The Scale
The Credit Note
The Legend/Conventional Signs
The Extent
Explanation: The legend or key of conventional signs is the part of the map's marginal information that provides a guide to interpreting the symbols, colors, and letters used to depict features.
68.
Ozone and Carbon Dioxide are significant in the remote sensing process primarily because they ________ certain wavelengths of EMR.
scatter
reflect
absorb
transmit
Explanation: The text identifies ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor as atmospheric gases that absorb EMR at specific wavelengths, creating absorption bands and influencing which wavelengths can be used for remote sensing (i.e., the atmospheric windows).
69.
While Remote Sensing (RS) is primarily a tool for _________, Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system for _________ that data.
data analysis / data acquisition
data storage / data visualization
data acquisition / managing and analyzing
map making / satellite positioning
Explanation: The context from the text indicates that RS is a primary source for acquiring data about the Earth's surface. GIS is then used to manage, analyze, and visualize this geospatial data, opening "vistas of knowledge."
70.
Which heating process is important for heating only the lowermost layers of the atmosphere in direct contact with the Earth's surface?
Convection
Conduction
Advection
Terrestrial Radiation
Explanation: The text specifies that conduction is the process of heat transfer through direct contact, and it is important only for heating the lowest layers of air that touch the ground.
71.
The Earth reaches Perihelion, its nearest point to the Sun, in early January. Why does this not cause summer in the Northern Hemisphere?
The Southern Hemisphere absorbs all the extra heat.
The effect of the Earth's axial tilt is far more significant than the change in distance from the sun.
Increased cloud cover in January reflects the extra solar radiation.
Perihelion actually causes a slight cooling effect.
Explanation: During January, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. The resulting low angle of the sun's rays and shorter days have a much greater cooling effect than the slight increase in insolation from being at Perihelion. This highlights that axial tilt is the primary driver of seasons.
72.
What dual role do Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) play in atmospheric environmental issues?
They cause acid rain and create urban smog.
They cool the troposphere and warm the stratosphere.
They act as a potent greenhouse gas and destroy the stratospheric ozone layer.
They increase terrestrial radiation and decrease the Earth's albedo.
Explanation: The text mentions that CFCs are highly effective greenhouse gases (contributing to global warming) and that in the stratosphere, they destroy the ozone layer (causing the ozone hole).
73.
Deforestation contributes to the increase in atmospheric CO2 because forests act as ____________.
sources of methane
reflectors of solar radiation
carbon sinks
regulators of the water cycle
Explanation: The text explains that deforestation increases CO2 concentration because forests act as carbon sinks, meaning they absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Removing them reduces this absorption capacity.
74.
Which of the following best describes the source of pollution from 'trade and transport' as detailed in the text?
Only vehicular emissions in crowded cities.
The use of pesticides in commercial agriculture.
Expansion of multinational corporations in extractive industries and increased road traffic.
Dumping of waste from smokestack industries.
Explanation: The section on pollution from trade and transport covers two main points: the environmental cost of multinational corporations in sectors like oil and mining, and the pollution from increased road traffic and congestion.
75.
The general absence of garbage disposal facilities in urban areas directly leads to what kind of problem?
Increased albedo
Ozone depletion
Health-related problems and land pollution.
Reduced terrestrial radiation.
Explanation: The text states that the lack of garbage disposal pollutes the land and leads to health-related problems.
76.
A topographical map has a Representative Fraction (R.F.) of 1:50,000. What does this mean?
1 cm on the map represents 50,000 km on the ground.
1 unit of distance on the map represents 50,000 of the same units on the ground.
The contour interval of the map is 50 meters.
The map covers an area of 50,000 square kilometers.
Explanation: The Representative Fraction (R.F.) is a ratio. 1:50,000 means that one unit (like a centimeter or an inch) on the map corresponds to 50,000 of that same unit on the actual ground.
77.
In the context of EMR interaction with the atmosphere, which statement is correct?
Rayleigh scattering affects long wavelengths more than short wavelengths.
Rayleigh scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength.
Mie scattering is most effective on particles much smaller than the EMR wavelength.
Non-selective scattering is responsible for the red color of sunsets.
Explanation: The text mentions that Rayleigh scattering affects shorter wavelengths more strongly because it is inversely proportional to the 4th power of the wavelength. This means as wavelength decreases, scattering increases dramatically.
78.
Of the 65 units of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth system (atmosphere and surface), how many are radiated back to space by the atmosphere alone?
17 units
34 units
48 units
65 units
Explanation: According to the heat budget diagram and text, the atmosphere absorbs a total of 48 units (14 from insolation + 34 from terrestrial radiation). It radiates these 48 units back to space, helping to balance the Earth's energy budget.
79.
The term 'ozone hole' refers to:
A physical hole in the atmosphere.
The complete absence of ozone in the stratosphere.
The depletion of the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.
A hole in the tropospheric ozone layer.
Explanation: The text clarifies that the "ozone hole" is the name given to the depletion of the ozone layer, which is a reduction in the concentration of ozone molecules, not a literal hole. This depletion occurs in the stratosphere.
80.
Acid rain, a consequence of air pollution, can cause significant damage to what?
Forests and aquatic life.
The stratospheric ozone layer.
Urban sewerage systems.
Topographical map accuracy.
Explanation: The text mentions that acid rain, resulting from air pollution, can damage forests and aquatic life, thus degrading the environment.
81.
The Survey of India (SOI) was established in which year?
1947
1867
1767
2005
Explanation: The text clearly states that the Survey of India (SOI), the national mapping agency, was established in 1767.
82.
Which of these correctly ranks the reflectance of features in the Near-Infrared (NIR) band, from highest to lowest?
Water > Vegetation > Soil
Vegetation > Soil > Water
Soil > Water > Vegetation
Water > Soil > Vegetation
Explanation: Based on the typical spectral signatures: healthy vegetation reflects very strongly in the NIR. Soil reflectance generally increases with wavelength, but is lower than vegetation in the NIR. Water absorbs almost all NIR energy, so it has the lowest reflectance.
83.
Which of the following receives slanting sun rays, which pass through a greater depth of the atmosphere?
The Equator
Higher latitudes
Subtropical deserts
Coastal areas
Explanation: The text explains that higher latitudes receive slanting rays. These rays not only cover a larger area (reducing intensity) but also travel through more of the atmosphere, leading to greater absorption and scattering.
84.
The warmest year on record for the millennium, as noted in the text, was ________.
1990
2005
1998
1997
Explanation: The text cites 1998 as being the warmest year on record for the millennium as evidence of the warming trend in the 20th century.
85.
Consider the following statements regarding urban pollution:
Statement 1: Huge concrete structures contribute to cooling urban areas.
Statement 2: Water-borne diseases like cholera and jaundice are common due to polluted water sources.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Statement 1: Huge concrete structures contribute to cooling urban areas.
Statement 2: Water-borne diseases like cholera and jaundice are common due to polluted water sources.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; concrete structures absorb and radiate heat, creating urban heat islands, not cooling them. Statement 2 is correct, as the text links water pollution to diseases like cholera and jaundice.
86.
A topographical map with the number 53B is a 'Degree Sheet'. What is its latitudinal and longitudinal extent?
4° latitude x 4° longitude
1° latitude x 1° longitude
15' latitude x 15' longitude
30' latitude x 30' longitude
Explanation: The mapping system described shows that a Million Sheet (4°x4°) is divided into 16 Degree Sheets. Simple division (4°/4 = 1°) indicates that each Degree Sheet covers a 1° latitude by 1° longitude area.
87.
The process of obtaining information about the Earth's surface without being in direct physical contact is called ___________.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Topographical Surveying
Remote Sensing (RS)
Computer Cartography
Explanation: This is the direct definition of Remote Sensing as provided in the text.
88.
What is the primary form of energy radiated by the Earth back into the atmosphere?
Short-wave radiation
Ultraviolet rays
Long-wave radiation
Visible light
Explanation: The Earth absorbs incoming short-wave solar radiation and, as a cooler body, re-emits the energy in the form of long waves. This is called terrestrial radiation.
89.
Astronomical causes of climate change, such as Milankovitch oscillations, refer to variations in what?
The sun's temperature.
The Earth's magnetic field.
The Earth's orbit and tilt.
The frequency of volcanic eruptions.
Explanation: The text mentions Milankovitch oscillations as an astronomical cause, which encompass long-term variations in the Earth's orbit (eccentricity), axial tilt (obliquity), and wobble (precession).
90.
The Ruhr industrial region of Germany is cited as an example of a place that has faced severe problems from ___________.
agricultural pollution.
urban heat islands.
industrial waste and pollution.
deforestation.
Explanation: The text uses the Ruhr region as a specific example of an area with severe problems of industrial waste and pollution stemming from its history of coal and steel industries.
91.
On a toposheet, what does a red colored line typically represent?
Railway line
Road
Contour line
River
Explanation: The color conventions listed in the text state that red is used for roads and settlements.
92.
Which of the following is an example of an Active RS sensor?
A camera using sunlight.
A RADAR system.
A thermal scanner detecting heat.
A multispectral scanner on a satellite like Landsat.
Explanation: The text gives RADAR as an example of an Active RS system, which means it provides its own energy source to illuminate the target. All the other options are passive sensors that rely on reflected sunlight or emitted heat.
93.
Which two components of the Earth's albedo reflect the most solar radiation according to the provided heat budget?
Atmosphere and snow/ice areas.
Clouds and the atmosphere.
Clouds and snow/ice-covered areas.
Oceans and land surfaces.
Explanation: The text breaks down the 35 units of albedo: 27 units are reflected from clouds, 2 from snow/ice, and 6 scattered by the atmosphere. Thus, clouds and snow/ice are the most significant reflecting surfaces.
94.
The rise in sea level from global warming is a combined result of melting ice and _____________.
increased precipitation.
thermal expansion of sea water.
slowing of ocean currents.
subsidence of the ocean floor.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the rise in sea level is caused by the melting of glaciers and polar ice-caps, along with the thermal expansion of sea water (water expands as it warms).
95.
Assertion (A): Unplanned urban settlements in developing countries face severe environmental problems.
Reason (R): These settlements often lack proper sewerage and garbage disposal facilities.
Select the correct option.
Reason (R): These settlements often lack proper sewerage and garbage disposal facilities.
Select the correct option.
Both A and R are true, and R is a correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Assertion A is a key point in the text. Reason R provides specific examples of the institutional failures (lack of sanitation infrastructure) that lead to the environmental problems mentioned in A, making it a valid explanation.
96.
Widely spaced contour lines on a map signify a _____________.
steep slope
cliff
ridge
gentle slope
Explanation: The spacing of contours indicates the slope. When they are far apart, it means that one has to travel a greater horizontal distance to experience a change in elevation, which defines a gentle slope.
97.
The ability to identify different features like vegetation, soil, and water in a satellite image is based on analyzing their unique ___________.
thermal capacity
spectral signatures
albedo values
geographic locations
Explanation: The text explains that by analyzing an object's spectral signature—its unique pattern of reflecting and absorbing energy across different wavelengths—we can identify it in a satellite image.
98.
The horizontal transfer of heat by the movement of air is known as __________.
Conduction
Convection
Advection
Radiation
Explanation: The text defines advection as the horizontal transfer of heat by wind, noting it is highly significant for daily weather variations.
99.
The natural process that warms the atmosphere by trapping long-wave radiation is called the ____________.
Ozone effect
Greenhouse effect
Albedo effect
Advection effect
Explanation: The text defines the greenhouse effect as the natural process where the atmosphere allows short-wave radiation in but absorbs the outgoing long-wave radiation, thus warming the planet.
100.
Which factor is considered the most significant in influencing the change of seasons?
The Earth's elliptical orbit (Aphelion and Perihelion).
The distribution of land and sea.
The angle of inclination of the Sun's rays due to the Earth's tilt.
The transparency of the atmosphere.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the angle of inclination of the sun's rays is the "most significant factor influencing seasons," which is a direct result of the Earth's axial tilt.
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