UPSC Mock Test: 100 Questions on Russian Revolution & International Orgs

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Are you preparing for competitive exams like the UPSC Civil Services or State PSCs? This comprehensive mock test is designed to sharpen your preparation. Dive into 100 high-quality, statement-based questions covering two crucial topics: The Russian Revolution and International Organizations. Each question is structured to match the complexity of the UPSC pattern and comes with a detailed explanation to clarify complex concepts. Test your knowledge, identify your weak spots, and boost your confidence for the final exam.

Result:
1.
Consider the following statements regarding the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (GA):
1. Decisions in the General Assembly on "important questions" are legally binding on all member states.
2. The "Uniting for Peace" resolution allows the General Assembly to recommend collective measures if the Security Council is deadlocked.
3. The Security Council's membership was expanded in 1965, but the number of permanent members has remained unchanged since its founding.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
2 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; resolutions of the General Assembly are not legally binding, although they carry significant moral weight. Statement 2 is correct; the 1950 "Uniting for Peace" resolution empowers the GA to act when the UNSC is paralyzed by a veto. Statement 3 is also correct; the UNSC was expanded from 11 to 15 members in 1965, but the P5 have remained the sole permanent members.
2.
Which of the following correctly identifies the core ideological difference between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks?
The Bolsheviks advocated for a small, disciplined party of professional revolutionaries to lead the revolution, whereas the Mensheviks sought a broad-based party with mass membership.
The Mensheviks wanted to immediately establish a "dictatorship of the proletariat," while the Bolsheviks favored a gradual transition through a provisional government.
The Bolsheviks supported continuing Russia's involvement in World War I, while the Mensheviks demanded an immediate withdrawal.
The Mensheviks were led by Alexander Kerensky, and the Bolsheviks were led by Grigori Rasputin.
Explanation: The fundamental split in 1903 was over the nature of the revolutionary party. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, believed a small group of committed revolutionaries was necessary for a radical overthrow. In contrast, the Mensheviks advocated for a more inclusive, democratic party structure built on broad popular support.
3.
With reference to the Bretton Woods Institutions, consider the following assertions:
1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) primarily focuses on long-term development projects like infrastructure and education in developing nations.
2. Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are often criticized for requiring borrowing countries to increase public spending and subsidies.
3. The voting power within the IMF is based on the principle of "one country, one vote," ensuring equitable representation.
Which of the assertions given above is/are incorrect?
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2 only
3 only
Explanation: All three statements are incorrect. 1: The World Bank, not the IMF, focuses on long-term development projects; the IMF deals with monetary stability and short-term loans. 2: SAPs are criticized for requiring cuts in public spending and subsidies. 3: Voting power in the IMF is weighted based on financial contributions, not the one country, one vote principle.
4.
Arrange the following events of the Russian Revolution in chronological order:
1. The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
2. The "Bloody Sunday" massacre.
3. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
4. The introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP).
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1-2-3-4
2-1-4-3
1-3-2-4
2-1-3-4
Explanation: The correct chronological order is: "Bloody Sunday" (1905), which triggered the first revolution; Abdication of the Tsar (February 1917); Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918), which ended Russia's involvement in WWI; and the New Economic Policy (March 21), introduced by Lenin after the Civil War.
5.
Fill in the blanks: The World Trade Organization (WTO), established in ______, is the successor to the ______. A major criticism from developing countries is that its decision-making processes are non-transparent and marginalized by major economic powers like the ______ and ______.
1995; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); US; EU
1945; Bretton Woods Agreement; China; Russia
1991; League of Nations; UK; France
1965; International Trade Organization (ITO); Japan; Germany
Explanation: The WTO was established in 1995 to replace the GATT framework that had governed international trade since 1948. The provided text explicitly mentions that developing countries complain about being marginalized by powerful blocs like the US, EU, and Japan in framing trade rules.
6.
Consider the following statements regarding the consequences of Russia's involvement in World War I:
1. Russia's modernized and well-equipped army led to early victories and boosted national morale.
2. Tsar Nicholas II's decision to take personal command of the army strengthened his political position in Petrograd.
3. The influence of Grigori Rasputin over Tsarina Alexandra during the Tsar's absence led to a collapse in governance and fueled public resentment.
Which of the above statements accurately describes the situation?
1 and 2 only
1, 2 and 3
3 only
2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is false; Russia's army was not modernized after the Russo-Japanese war and suffered immense casualties. Statement 2 is also false; the Tsar's absence from the capital to command the army further fueled tensions and eroded his support. Statement 3 is correct; Rasputin's influence on the Tsarina, leading to the dismissal of elected officials, crippled the government and intensified public anger against the monarchy.
7.
Which of the following UN bodies' functions are correctly matched?
1. UNESCO: Designates World Heritage Sites and promotes international cooperation in education.
2. ECOSOC: Has legally binding authority over all UN member states on economic matters.
3. IAEA: Operates as a specialized agency of the UN, responsible for global health emergencies.
Select the correct answer.
1 and 2
1 only
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Only statement 1 is correct. UNESCO's mission is to build peace through cooperation in education, sciences, and culture, and it is known for its World Heritage Site program. Statement 2 is incorrect; ECOSOC's role is coordination, and its resolutions are not legally binding like the UNSC's. Statement 3 is incorrect; the IAEA deals with nuclear energy, while the WHO (World Health Organization) is responsible for global health emergencies.
8.
Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1921 represented a strategic, temporary retreat from pure communist ideals. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the NEP?
Allowing peasants to sell their surplus crops for profit.
The government relinquishing control over all major industries, banks, and communication systems.
Permitting private individuals to own small factories and businesses.
Encouraging foreign investment in the Russian economy.
Explanation: The NEP was a pragmatic policy that introduced small-scale capitalism. It allowed peasants to sell surplus crops and permitted some private enterprise. However, a key aspect was that the state *retained* control over the "commanding heights" of the economy, including major industries, banks, and communications. Therefore, relinquishing this control was not a feature of the NEP.
9.
India's claim for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council is based on several arguments. Which of the following is NOT an argument mentioned in the provided text to support India's candidacy?
Its status as the world's largest democracy and its rapidly growing economy.
Its long and substantial history of contributing to UN peacekeeping missions.
Its position as the single largest financial contributor to the UN's regular budget.
Its status as a responsible nuclear power.
Explanation: The text states that the United States is the single largest financial contributor to the UN budget. While India's candidacy is supported by its democratic credentials, economic growth, population, nuclear status, and peacekeeping contributions, the provided material does not claim it is the largest financial contributor.
10.
What was the direct outcome of the February Revolution in 1917?
The establishment of the world's first communist state under Vladimir Lenin.
The formation of the USSR and the introduction of the New Economic Policy.
A humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese war and the creation of the Duma.
The end of the three-century-long Romanov rule and the formation of a provisional government.
Explanation: The February Revolution, sparked by strikes and military defections, directly resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. This event brought an end to the Romanov dynasty's rule and led to the establishment of a provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky. The communist state under Lenin was the outcome of the subsequent October Revolution.
11.
Which of the six principal organs of the UN suspended its operations in 1994 after its mission was fulfilled?
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The Trusteeship Council
The Secretariat
Explanation: The Trusteeship Council was created to supervise 11 non-self-governing Trust Territories. It suspended its operations in 1994 when Palau, the last remaining territory, achieved independence.
12.
What was the "October Manifesto" issued by Tsar Nicholas II?
A declaration of war against Japan in 1904.
A document promising political reforms, including a parliament (Duma), to quell the 1905 revolution.
An order for the execution of the Romanov family in 1918.
The formal decree establishing the Bolsheviks as the ruling party in October 1917.
Explanation: Following the widespread strikes and unrest of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which promised reforms and transformed the autocracy into a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament, the Duma.
13.
Consider the following pairs:
UN Agency               Headquarters
1. WFP                       Rome, Italy
2. UNESCO             Geneva, Switzerland
3. UNDP                   New York, USA
4. IAEA                     Paris, France
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
1 and 2 only
2 and 4 only
3 and 4 only
1 and 3 only
Explanation: 1 is correct (WFP is in Rome). 3 is correct (UNDP is in New York). 2 is incorrect (UNESCO is in Paris, not Geneva). 4 is incorrect (IAEA is in Vienna, not Paris).
14.
The Russian Civil War (1918-1920) was fought between which two primary factions?
The Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks.
The Tsarist loyalists and the Provisional Government.
The Red Army (Bolsheviks) and the White Army (their opponents).
Russia and the Allied powers of WWI.
Explanation: The civil war pitted the Bolsheviks' "Red Army" against the "White Army," a loose coalition of their opponents which included monarchists, democrats, and anti-Bolshevik socialists, who received some support from Western nations.
15.
What is the "Great Power unanimity" rule in the UN Security Council?
The requirement that any substantive resolution must have the concurring votes of all five permanent members, which is the basis for the veto power.
The rule that all 15 members of the UNSC must agree for a resolution to pass.
A procedure that allows the General Assembly to override a UNSC decision.
The principle that the P5 countries must unanimously agree on the appointment of the Secretary-General.
Explanation: The phrase "Great Power unanimity" is the term used in the UN Charter to describe what is commonly known as the veto power. It means that a negative vote from any of the five permanent members (P5) can block a substantive resolution.
16.
Which of the following was a primary cause of the widespread social unrest in 19th-century Russia?
The humiliating terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
The introduction of the New Economic Policy.
The oppressive governance of most Tsars and deep-seated social inequalities.
The influence of Grigori Rasputin on the Tsarina.
Explanation: The provided text states that "The oppressive governance of most 19th-century tsars led to decades of widespread social unrest" and also mentions "growing anger over deep-seated social inequalities." The other options are events from the 20th century.
17.
Assertion (A): The World Bank is often criticized for setting the economic agenda of poorer nations.
Reason (R): The loans provided by the World Bank come with stringent conditions, often forcing free-market reforms upon borrowing countries.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The assertion (A) is a stated criticism of the World Bank. The reason (R) explains how this influence is exerted – through the stringent conditions and mandated free-market reforms attached to its loans. Therefore, both are true and R correctly explains A.
18.
The formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922 was Lenin's response to what perceived threat?
Foreign intervention from Western nations.
Nationalism, which he saw as a threat to unity and party loyalty.
The growing power of the Mensheviks.
The economic collapse following the civil war.
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "Viewing nationalism as a threat to unity and party loyalty, Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics (Soviets) under a central government," which led to the creation of the USSR.
19.
What is the "spaghetti bowl system"?
A term for the complex administrative structure of the UN Secretariat.
A criticism of the conditionalities imposed by the IMF, which are seen as a tangled mess.
A term describing the complex and overlapping web of regional trade agreements created under "new regionalism".
The informal negotiation process used at the World Trade Organization.
Explanation: The text defines "new regionalism" as a recent wave of regional cooperation linked to globalization and mentions that it has created a complex web of overlapping trade agreements "sometimes called a 'spaghetti bowl system'".
20.
What was the significance of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) in the context of the Russian Revolution?
It resulted in a decisive victory for Russia, boosting national pride and the Tsar's popularity.
It led directly to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
It was the primary cause of the Russian Civil War.
A humiliating defeat significantly contributed to domestic unrest and paved the way for the 1905 revolution.
Explanation: The text states that Russia's "humiliating defeat in this war ended Russia's ambitions of dominating Asia and significantly contributed to domestic unrest, paving the way for the 1905 revolution."
21.
How many members does the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) have, and for what term are they elected?
15 members for a two-year term.
54 members for an overlapping three-year term.
193 members for a one-year term.
9 members for a nine-year term.
Explanation: The text specifies that ECOSOC "has 54 members elected by the GA for overlapping three-year terms."
22.
Which event is described as the catalyst for the February Revolution of 1917?
A citywide strike started by women textile workers in Petrograd.
The assassination of Grigori Rasputin by nobles.
Lenin's return to Russia from exile.
The Tsar's decision to personally command the army.
Explanation: The text clearly states, "The revolution was sparked by women textile workers in Petrograd who led a citywide strike, which was followed by riots over shortages of bread and fuel."
23.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established based on which proposal?
The UN Charter's article on disarmament.
A resolution by the UN General Assembly in 1946.
The Maastricht Treaty.
President Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" proposal.
Explanation: The text mentions that the IAEA was "Established in 1957 from President Eisenhower's 'Atoms for Peace' proposal".
24.
Following the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. What was a major consequence of this treaty?
It brought an end to the Russian Civil War.
It led to widespread anger due to the surrender of a large portion of Russian territory to Germany.
It formalized an alliance between Russia and Germany.
It resulted in the formation of the USSR.
Explanation: The treaty allowed Russia to pull out of WWI but at a high cost. The text notes, "In March 1918, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, surrendering a large portion of its territory. The humiliating terms of this treaty led to widespread anger and opposition to Bolshevik policies."
25.
Which of the following statements about the UN Secretary-General is correct according to the provided text?
The Secretary-General is directly elected by a popular vote of all member states.
The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.
The position is held for a four-year, non-renewable term.
Kofi Annan was the first Secretary-General from the continent of Africa.
Explanation: The text states the GA "appoints the Secretary-General upon the UNSC's recommendation." It also mentions a five-year, renewable term. While Kofi Annan was a notable Secretary-General from Africa (Ghana), the text does not specify if he was the first.
26.
What were "soviets" in the context of the Russian Revolution?
Secret police units formed by the Bolsheviks.
Large state-controlled farms established under Lenin.
Local councils composed of workers, peasants, and soldiers.
The elite, committed revolutionaries of the Bolshevik party.
Explanation: The text defines soviets as "local councils comprising workers, peasants, and soldiers" that competed for power with the provisional government.
27.
The European Union (EU) operates through a three-pronged governing structure. Which of the following correctly matches the institution with its primary function as described in the text?
EU Parliament: Debates and passes laws.
EU Council: Enforces and operates the laws.
EU Commission: Proposes new policies.
EU Court of Justice: Establishes the common currency.
Explanation: The text describes the system as: EU Council (proposes), EU Parliament (debates and passes), and EU Commission (enforces). Therefore, the correct match is the EU Parliament's function.
28.
By 1928, what was the state of the Soviet Union's economy?
It was in a state of complete collapse due to the New Economic Policy.
It had become the world's leading industrial power.
Its agricultural and industrial production had returned to pre-World War I levels.
It was entirely based on a system of private enterprise and foreign investment.
Explanation: The text concludes by stating, "By 1928, the country's agricultural and industrial production had returned to pre-World War I levels."
29.
Which of the following is an example of India's contribution to the UN mentioned in the text?
Serving as the first host of the UN General Assembly.
Being the first country to propose the creation of the IMF.
Providing the first female President of the UN General Assembly, Vijayalakshmi Pandit.
Leading the creation of the Trusteeship Council.
Explanation: The text explicitly lists India's contributions, including providing "the first female President of the UNGA, Vijayalakshmi Pandit (1953)."
30.
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
The leader of the Bolshevik party before Lenin.
The general of the White Army during the civil war.
The head of the provisional government formed after the February Revolution.
The last Tsar of the Romanov dynasty.
Explanation: After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, "The leaders of the Duma formed a provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky."
31.
What distinguishes the decision-making power of the UN Security Council from that of the General Assembly?
The General Assembly's decisions require a unanimous vote, while the UNSC's do not.
The Security Council deals with economic issues, while the General Assembly deals with security issues.
The Security Council's decisions are legally binding on all UN members, whereas the General Assembly's resolutions are not.
The General Assembly can impose economic sanctions, a power the UNSC lacks.
Explanation: A key difference highlighted in the text is that the UNSC's "decisions are legally binding on all UN members," while the GA's resolutions "are not legally binding but carry immense moral weight."
32.
The abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861 is significant because:
It happened simultaneously with its disappearance across Europe.
It occurred long after the practice had vanished from most of Europe, highlighting Russia's backwardness.
It was the final reform that satisfied the peasantry and ended social unrest.
It was enacted by the Bolsheviks immediately after they took power.
Explanation: The text notes that serfdom "persisted until its abolition in 1861, long after it had disappeared from most of Europe," indicating the socio-economic lag of the Russian Empire.
33.
The World Food Programme (WFP), the world's largest humanitarian organization, was recognized for its work with what prestigious award in 2020?
The Pulitzer Prize.
An Academy Award for Best Documentary.
The Nobel Peace Prize.
The Magsaysay Award.
Explanation: The text directly states that the WFP "was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020."
34.
What was the fate of Tsar Nicholas II and his family after his abdication?
They were exiled to Western Europe and lived in obscurity.
They were placed under the protection of the provisional government.
They were executed by revolutionaries a year after the abdication.
They successfully escaped and helped lead the White Army.
Explanation: The text explicitly mentions, "Nicholas and his family were executed by revolutionaries a year later."
35.
According to the text, a major complaint regarding the UN Security Council that fuels the reform debate is that it:
Meets too infrequently to be effective.
Has too many members, making decision-making difficult.
No longer represents contemporary political realities and lacks equitable representation.
Has no mechanism to enforce its resolutions.
Explanation: The text lists several complaints about the UNSC, including "that it no longer represents contemporary political realities" and "it lacks equitable representation."
36.
Why did Alexander Kerensky's provisional government lose popular support?
His decision to continue Russia's involvement in World War I.
His immediate implementation of radical communist policies.
His refusal to create the Duma.
His alliance with Tsar Nicholas II.
Explanation: The text says of Kerensky, "His decision to continue the war cost him the support of both the army and civilians."
37.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has 15 judges. How are they elected?
Appointed directly by the Secretary-General.
Elected by a simple majority in the General Assembly only.
Elected concurrently by the General Assembly and the Security Council.
Nominated and confirmed by the five permanent members of the UNSC.
Explanation: The text states that the ICJ has "15 judges elected concurrently by the GA and the UNSC for nine-year terms."
38.
In the 1924 constitution of the USSR, where did the effective political power reside?
With the individual self-governing republics.
A democratically elected parliament representing all citizens.
A council of non-partisan experts.
The Communist Party.
Explanation: Despite the constitution being based on socialist and democratic principles, the text clarifies that "the Communist Party retained all effective power."
39.
What is the primary role of the IMF?
To fund long-term infrastructure projects in developing countries.
To oversee the international monetary system and provide short-term loans to address balance-of-payments issues.
To regulate international trade rules and settle trade disputes.
To coordinate the UN's humanitarian response to natural disasters.
Explanation: The text specifies the IMF's role is to "oversee the international monetary system, aiming to stabilize exchange rates and provide short-term loans to countries facing balance-of-payments difficulties."
40.
What change did the Bolsheviks make to their name after taking power?
They became the Mensheviks.
They renamed themselves the 'Communist Party'.
They became the 'Soviet Union Party'.
They became the 'Red Army Party'.
Explanation: The text states, "The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the 'communist party', and Lenin became the dictator of the world's first communist state."
41.
What percentage of votes in the UN General Assembly is required to pass a resolution on an "important question"?
A simple majority (50% + 1).
A unanimous vote of all 193 members.
A two-thirds majority vote.
A three-fourths majority vote.
Explanation: The text states, "Decisions on ordinary matters pass with a simple majority, while 'important questions' require a two-thirds majority vote."
42.
What impact did the Industrial Revolution's arrival in Russia have on its urban areas?
It led to overcrowding, pollution, and a new level of urban poverty.
It resulted in well-planned cities with excellent infrastructure.
It decreased the urban population as people moved to industrial farms.
It had little to no impact as Russia remained a purely agrarian society.
Explanation: The text indicates that the Industrial Revolution "led to a rapid increase in the urban population and workforce, straining city infrastructure and causing overcrowding, pollution, and a new level of poverty among the urban working class."
43.
Which UN agency's primary mission is to protect the rights of every child, focusing on health, nutrition, and education?
WHO
UNESCO
UNICEF
UNDP
Explanation: The text identifies UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) as the agency that "works in over 190 countries to protect the rights of every child, focusing on health, nutrition, education, and protection from violence and exploitation."
44.
How did Lenin maintain contact with the Bolsheviks while in exile?
He had no contact and was surprised by the revolution.
He sent messages through his family members.
He published articles in state-controlled newspapers.
The text does not specify the method, only that he maintained contact with his party.
Explanation: The text states that Vladimir Lenin "had been in exile in Western Europe to avoid arrest but maintained contact with his party." It does not provide specifics on the method of contact.
45.
The governing structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is intended to be by consensus. However, what is the practical reality described in the text?
Major economic powers like the US, EU, and Japan have managed to frame rules advancing their own interests.
Decisions are made by a small, rotating council of 15 members.
The Director-General holds ultimate decision-making power.
Developing countries consistently outvote the major economic powers.
Explanation: The text notes that while decisions are intended to be by consensus, "in practice, major economic powers like the US, EU, and Japan have managed to frame rules that advance their own interests."
46.
What was the estimated human cost of the Russian Civil War and the subsequent famine?
1 million deaths.
5 million deaths.
15 million deaths.
500,000 deaths.
Explanation: The text gives a specific figure: "The civil war, compounded by a subsequent famine, resulted in an estimated 15 million deaths over a three-year period."
47.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a core purpose of the United Nations in its Charter?
Maintaining peace and security.
Establishing a single global government.
Fostering friendly relations among nations.
Cooperating on international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems.
Explanation: The text lists the four core purposes of the UN, none of which include establishing a global government. The UN is based on the principle of sovereign equality of its members.
48.
The ideas of which philosopher heavily influenced the revolutionary movements in Russia?
John Locke
Karl Marx
Adam Smith
Voltaire
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "Revolutionary movements, inspired by Karl Marx's ideas, grew within Russian society."
49.
What major global event triggered widespread calls for UN reform to reflect new geopolitical realities?
The Suez Crisis of 1956.
The founding of the European Union in 1993.
The Korean War in 1950.
The end of the Cold War.
Explanation: The text specifies that "The end of the Cold War triggered widespread calls for UN reform to reflect new geopolitical realities."
50.
What was the main characteristic of Russia's political system in the early 1900s?
A constitutional monarchy with a powerful parliament.
A federal republic with strong regional governments.
An autocratic rule by the Tsar who held supreme power.
A direct democracy where citizens voted on all laws.
Explanation: The text describes the political system as "the autocratic rule of the imperial House of Romanovs" where "The monarch, known as the Tsar, held supreme power."
51.
Who was Dag Hammarskjöld and what crisis is he noted for managing?
The first UN Secretary-General; the Korean War.
The second UN Secretary-General; the Suez Canal crisis.
A Swedish Prime Minister; the formation of the EU.
A President of the ICJ; the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Explanation: The text identifies Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) as a former Secretary-General who "managed the Suez Canal crisis." The answer to question 42 in the provided Q&A confirms he was the second SG.
52.
Which statement accurately describes the military situation during the February 1917 revolution?
The army remained fiercely loyal to the Tsar and suppressed the rebellion.
The army was away fighting in Japan and could not intervene.
Soldiers initially followed orders to shoot rioters but then defected and joined the rebellion.
The military was disbanded by the Duma before the revolution began.
Explanation: The text describes a critical turning point: "Initially, soldiers followed orders to shoot the rioters, but they soon switched sides, firing on their commanding officers and joining the rebellion." This mass defection was key to the Tsar's abdication.
53.
The World Bank Group comprises five institutions. According to the text, which two are mentioned by name or acronym?
The IFC and MIGA.
The WTO and GATT.
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
The ECOSOC and UNICEF.
Explanation: When describing the World Bank's structure, the text explicitly says it "comprises five institutions, including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)."
54.
In what year did Lenin launch the New Economic Policy (NEP)?
1917
1924
1928
1921
Explanation: The text specifies the date clearly: "In March 1921, Lenin introduced the NEP".
55.
What is the common criticism directed at the "conditionalities" or Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the IMF?
They promote excessive government spending and high taxes.
They often require neoliberal reforms like cutting subsidies and privatizing state enterprises, which can harm the poor.
They are too focused on environmental protection at the expense of economic growth.
They lack transparency and are decided by the UN General Assembly.
Explanation: The text explains that the IMF is heavily criticized for its "conditionalities" (SAPs), "which often require borrowing countries to implement neoliberal reforms like cutting subsidies, reducing public spending, and privatizing state-owned enterprises, which can harm the most vulnerable populations."
56.
The October Revolution of 1917 can be best described as a:
Spontaneous popular uprising by peasants.
Peaceful transfer of power negotiated by the Duma.
Coup led by communist revolutionaries against the provisional government.
Mutiny within the White Army.
Explanation: The text describes the event as Lenin returning to lead "the communist revolutionaries in a coup against Kerensky's provisional government," followed by the Bolsheviks seizing key locations.
57.
Which country was the first to raise the issue of apartheid in the UN, as per the text?
South Africa
The United States
India
Ghana
Explanation: Highlighting India's contributions, the text states, "India was the first country to raise the issue of apartheid in the UN (1946)".
58.
What was the primary social structure of Russia in the early 20th century?
A large, dominant middle class with a small number of rich and poor.
Predominantly agrarian, with a large peasant population and a growing class of industrial workers.
An industrial society where the majority of the population were factory workers.
A feudal system with nobles, clergy, and peasants having fixed roles.
Explanation: The text describes the social structure as "predominantly agrarian, with a large population of peasants and a growing class of industrial workers."
59.
The European Union was formally established in 1993 by which treaty?
The Treaty of Rome
The Maastricht Treaty
The Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Lisbon
Explanation: The text states the EU was "Formally established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty".
60.
Grigori Rasputin's influence was particularly strong because:
He was the secret leader of the Bolshevik party.
He commanded a large portion of the Russian army.
Tsarina Alexandra, who was unpopular due to her German heritage, relied heavily on his advice while the Tsar was at the front.
He controlled the Russian Orthodox Church.
Explanation: The text highlights that in the Tsar's absence, "Tsarina Alexandra, whose German heritage made her unpopular, was in charge of governance. She was heavily influenced by Grigori Rasputin... On his advice, she dismissed elected officials, leading to a collapse in governance".
61.
Which of the following UN principles guides the functioning of the General Assembly, where each member has one vote?
Collective Security
Great Power Unanimity
Sovereign Equality
Peaceful Dispute Resolution
Explanation: The text mentions that one of the UN's guiding principles is the "sovereign equality of members" and that in the GA, "all 193 members have one vote each based on the principle of sovereign equality."
62.
The assassination of which Tsar in 1881 is mentioned as an act of secret revolutionary groups?
Peter the Great
Ivan the Terrible
Nicholas II
Alexander II
Explanation: The text notes, "A notable act of these groups was the assassination of the reform-minded Tsar Alexander II in 1881 by student revolutionaries."
63.
Which city hosts the headquarters for both the WHO and the WTO?
New York
Geneva
Paris
Vienna
Explanation: The text specifies that the WHO is "Based in Geneva, Switzerland" and the WTO is "Headquartered in Geneva".
64.
What was the final outcome of the Russian Civil War (1918-1920)?
A negotiated peace treaty and a coalition government.
Victory for the Red Army, leading to the formation of a stronger government and the Soviet Union.
The restoration of the monarchy with help from Western nations.
The division of Russia into two separate states.
Explanation: The text concludes the section on the civil war by stating, "Ultimately, the Red Army emerged victorious, leading to the formation of a stronger government and the superstate known as the Soviet Union."
65.
The term "New Regionalism" is described as a wave of cooperation linked to what global phenomenon?
Decolonization
The Cold War
Globalization
The Industrial Revolution
Explanation: The text defines "New Regionalism" as "a more recent wave, linked to globalization, that has created a complex web of overlapping trade agreements".
66.
Under Lenin's NEP, what sectors of the economy remained under government control?
Only agricultural land.
Only small farms and businesses.
Major industries, banks, and communication systems.
No sectors, as it was a complete adoption of capitalism.
Explanation: While the NEP allowed for some private enterprise, the text clarifies, "The government maintained control over major industries, banks, and communication systems."
67.
What is the role of the UN Secretariat?
To act as the main judicial organ of the UN.
To command UN peacekeeping missions.
To serve as the administrative engine of the UN, composed of international civil servants.
To debate and pass binding resolutions on all member states.
Explanation: The text describes the Secretariat as "The administrative engine of the UN," consisting of the Secretary-General and around 41,000 international civil servants.
68.
The belief that the industrial working class would overthrow the Tsar and establish a "dictatorship of the proletariat" is based on whose ideology?
Alexander Kerensky
Grigori Rasputin
Tsar Nicholas II
Karl Marx
Explanation: The text connects this belief directly to Karl Marx, stating revolutionaries "believed that the industrial working class would overthrow the Tsar and establish a 'dictatorship of the proletariat'."
69.
Which two International Days proposed by India were adopted by the UN, according to the text?
International Day of Non-violence (Oct 2) and International Yoga Day (June 21).
World Health Day (Apr 7) and World Environment Day (June 5).
International Women's Day (Mar 8) and World Food Day (Oct 16).
International Day of Peace (Sep 21) and Human Rights Day (Dec 10).
Explanation: The text clearly states, "India's proposals for an International Day of Non-violence (Oct 2) and International Yoga Day (June 21) were adopted by the UN."
70.
The Romanov dynasty ruled the Russian Empire for how long before its end in 1917?
One century.
Five centuries.
Three centuries.
Half a century.
Explanation: The text says the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II brought "an end to the three-century-long Romanov rule." It also mentions the dynasty ruled from 1613 to 1917.
71.
The UN's predecessor organization, the League of Nations, was created after which major conflict?
The First World War
The Second World War
The Napoleonic Wars
The Cold War
Explanation: The provided answer key states, "The UN's predecessor, the League of Nations, was created after which war? Answer: The First World War."
72.
Which statement best characterizes the Russian economy at the turn of the 20th century?
It was one of Europe's most advanced and industrialized nations.
It was one of Europe's least industrialized and most economically backward nations.
It was a service-based economy focused on finance and trade.
It was on par with the economies of Britain and Germany.
Explanation: The text opens by stating, "At the turn of the 20th century, Russia was one of Europe's least industrialized and most economically backward nations."
73.
The roots of the European Union can be traced back to which two organizations from the 1950s?
The UN and the World Bank.
NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
The European Coal and Steel Community (1951) and the European Economic Community (1957).
The League of Nations and the International Court of Justice.
Explanation: The text traces the EU's roots back to "the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) and the European Economic Community (EEC, 1957)."
74.
When Russia was renamed the USSR in 1922, what city was declared the new capital?
Petrograd
St. Petersburg
Moscow
Kiev
Explanation: The text states, "In 1922, Russia was officially named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)... Moscow was declared the new capital."
75.
India has been continuously re-elected to the Executive Board of which UN agency since 1946?
WHO
UNICEF
UNESCO
WFP
Explanation: The text about UNESCO states, "India has been continuously re-elected to its Executive Board since 1946."
76.
A revolt by Army officers in 1825 is mentioned as an example of:
A successful overthrow of the Tsar.
A violent reaction provoked by unfair Tsarist governance.
A precursor to the Bolshevik revolution.
A protest against involvement in the Napoleonic wars.
Explanation: The text lists "a revolt by Army officers in 1825" as one of the "numerous violent reactions" provoked by the unfair governance of the Tsars.
77.
The United Nations was founded with how many original members, and what is its current membership?
27 original members; 164 current members.
51 original members; 193 current members.
193 original members; 51 current members.
11 original members; 15 current members.
Explanation: The text states the UN was "Founded by 51 original members... its membership has grown to 193 states."
78.
Why was Tsarina Alexandra unpopular with the Russian public during WWI?
She advocated for an immediate surrender to Germany.
She was a supporter of the Bolsheviks.
Her German heritage made her an object of suspicion and dislike.
She attempted to abolish the Duma.
Explanation: The text notes that "Tsarina Alexandra, whose German heritage made her unpopular, was in charge of governance."
79.
Who is the current Secretary-General of the UN and what is his nationality?
Kofi Annan, Ghanaian.
Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish.
António Guterres, Portuguese.
Trygve Lie, Norwegian.
Explanation: The text identifies "the current Secretary-General, António Guterres (Portugal)."
80.
What was the primary function of the Duma created after the 1905 Revolution?
To serve as a Russian parliament, though the Tsar frequently dismissed it to obstruct reforms.
To command the Russian military.
To serve as a council of advisors with no legislative power.
To act as a supreme court.
Explanation: The text describes the Duma as the "Russian parliament" but notes that "the Tsar retained ultimate decision-making power and frequently dismissed the Duma (Russian parliament) to obstruct reforms."
81.
The IMF's voting system is heavily criticized because:
It gives veto power to all 190 member countries.
It is weighted based on financial contributions, giving disproportionate power to wealthy nations like the US and G7 members.
It is based on population size, which marginalizes smaller countries.
It follows a complex rotational system that is seen as non-transparent.
Explanation: The text states, "Its voting system is weighted based on financial contributions. The G7 members control over 41% of the votes, while the US alone holds 16.52%."
82.
Foreign intervention during the Russian Civil War was primarily in support of which side?
The Red Army
The White Army
Both sides equally
Neither side, as all nations remained neutral.
Explanation: The text mentions, "Several Western nations, including the United States, sent military aid and forces to support the White Army."
83.
The UN organ responsible for coordinating the "UN Family" of specialized agencies, programmes, and funds is:
The General Assembly
The Security Council
The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
The Secretariat
Explanation: The text defines ECOSOC as "The central body for the UN's economic and social work" and states that "It coordinates the 'UN Family' of specialized agencies, programmes, and funds."
84.
What was one of the key factors leading to chronic food shortages in Russia in the early 20th century?
A series of major natural disasters.
The abolition of serfdom which disrupted agriculture.
Decades of economic mismanagement and costly wars.
A blockade imposed by Western European powers.
Explanation: The text points to "Decades of economic mismanagement and costly wars" as the cause of "chronic food shortages for the booming population."
85.
What is the common currency of the European Union, as mentioned in the text?
The Franc
The Mark
The Euro
The Pound
Explanation: The text states one of the EU's purposes is to "establish a unified economic and monetary system (using the Euro)".
86.
The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks and their allies seize power. What form did their new government initially take?
A constitutional monarchy with Lenin as prime minister.
A council of soldiers, peasants, and workers with Lenin as its head.
A direct democracy administered through the Duma.
A military junta led by the generals of the Red Army.
Explanation: After seizing key locations, the text notes the Bolsheviks "formed a new government composed of a council of soldiers, peasants, and workers. Lenin became the head of this new government."
87.
Which Secretary-General declared the 2003 Iraq invasion illegal?
António Guterres
Dag Hammarskjöld
Kofi Annan
Trygve Lie
Explanation: The text mentions "Kofi Annan (Ghana), who declared the 2003 Iraq invasion illegal".
88.
Which of these events occurred first?
The October Revolution.
The Russo-Japanese War.
The formation of the USSR.
The start of the Russian Civil War.
Explanation: The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) preceded the October Revolution (1917), the Civil War (1918-1920), and the formation of the USSR (1922).
89.
The primary role of the World Bank Group is to:
Stabilize international exchange rates.
Focus on long-term development and poverty reduction in developing countries.
Set the rules for global trade between nations.
Adjudicate legal disputes between states.
Explanation: The text defines the World Bank's role as focusing "on long-term development and poverty reduction in developing countries."
90.
What was the status of Russia's army going into World War I?
It was the most technologically advanced and well-prepared army in Europe.
It had failed to modernize after the Russo-Japanese War, leading to disastrous consequences.
It was a small but highly effective professional force.
It had been recently re-equipped with support from its allies, Britain and France.
Explanation: The text states, "Having failed to modernize its army after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia suffered disastrous consequences" in WWI.
91.
When was the UN officially established, and in which city was its charter signed?
October 24, 1946; New York
June 26, 1945; London
October 24, 1945; San Francisco
December 10, 1948; Paris
Explanation: The text states the UN was established on October 24, 1945. The provided Q&A section confirms the charter was signed in San Francisco.
92.
The "Bloody Sunday Massacre" involved:
The execution of the Romanov family.
A battle during the Russian Civil War.
Troops firing on workers who were marching to the Winter Palace to protest their conditions.
The assassination of Tsar Alexander II.
Explanation: The text describes "Bloody Sunday" as an event where "workers marched to the Winter Palace of Tsar Nicholas II... the large crowd intimidated the soldiers, who opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds."
93.
What is the primary mandate of the UNDP?
To provide food assistance in emergencies.
To eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities through sustainable development.
To promote the safe and peaceful use of nuclear technologies.
To coordinate international health responses.
Explanation: The text defines the role of the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) as working "to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities through sustainable development."
94.
Lenin's decision to name the new country the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was in honor of what?
The Social Democratic Party.
The principles of the October Manifesto.
The councils (soviets) that helped initiate the revolution.
The Soviet-German alliance in WWI.
Explanation: The text says the name USSR was chosen "in honor of the councils that helped initiate the revolution."
95.
Which of these is NOT a permanent member of the UN Security Council?
China
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Explanation: The five permanent members (P5) are listed as China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US. Germany is not on this list, though it is a member of the G4 group seeking a permanent seat.
96.
The revolutionaries split into the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in which year?
1905
1917
1903
1881
Explanation: The text states, "In 1903, the revolutionaries split into two factions: Mensheviks and Bolsheviks."
97.
The concept of "collective security" is a principle under which the UN Security Council can order military action. What does it mean?
Each nation is responsible for its own defense.
Aggression by one state against another is treated as an attack on all member states.
Only the five permanent members are responsible for global security.
Economic sanctions are the only tool for maintaining security.
Explanation: The text's Q&A section defines "collective security" as "A system where the aggression of one state against another is treated as an attack on all member states."
98.
According to the text, why was the reform-minded Tsar Alexander II assassinated?
By nobles who felt his reforms went too far.
By peasants who were unhappy with the abolition of serfdom.
By student revolutionaries as part of the actions of secret revolutionary groups.
By foreign agents seeking to destabilize Russia.
Explanation: The text specifies that the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was carried out "by student revolutionaries" belonging to secret revolutionary groups.
99.
Which two institutions are collectively known as the "Bretton Woods Institutions"?
The UN and the WTO
The IMF and the World Bank
The WTO and the GATT
The ICJ and the IAEA
Explanation: The text states, "Created in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, these institutions were designed to build a framework for international economic cooperation," referring to the IMF and the World Bank.
100.
What was the final step that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?
The loss in the Russo-Japanese War.
The assassination of Rasputin.
A mass defection of soldiers who joined the riots in Petrograd.
The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Explanation: The text highlights the decisive event: "This mass defection [of soldiers] forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne".
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