UPSC Mock Test: 100 Questions on Russian Revolution & International Orgs
Are you preparing for competitive exams like the UPSC Civil Services or State PSCs? This comprehensive mock test is designed to sharpen your preparation. Dive into 100 high-quality, statement-based questions covering two crucial topics: The Russian Revolution and International Organizations. Each question is structured to match the complexity of the UPSC pattern and comes with a detailed explanation to clarify complex concepts. Test your knowledge, identify your weak spots, and boost your confidence for the final exam.
Result:
1.
Consider the following statements regarding the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the General Assembly (GA):
1. Decisions in the General Assembly on "important questions" are legally binding on all member states.
2. The "Uniting for Peace" resolution allows the General Assembly to recommend collective measures if the Security Council is deadlocked.
3. The Security Council's membership was expanded in 1965, but the number of permanent members has remained unchanged since its founding.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. Decisions in the General Assembly on "important questions" are legally binding on all member states.
2. The "Uniting for Peace" resolution allows the General Assembly to recommend collective measures if the Security Council is deadlocked.
3. The Security Council's membership was expanded in 1965, but the number of permanent members has remained unchanged since its founding.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; resolutions of the General Assembly are not legally binding, although they carry significant moral weight. Statement 2 is correct; the 1950 "Uniting for Peace" resolution empowers the GA to act when the UNSC is paralyzed by a veto. Statement 3 is also correct; the UNSC was expanded from 11 to 15 members in 1965, but the P5 have remained the sole permanent members.
2.
Which of the following correctly identifies the core ideological difference between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks?
Explanation: The fundamental split in 1903 was over the nature of the revolutionary party. The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, believed a small group of committed revolutionaries was necessary for a radical overthrow. In contrast, the Mensheviks advocated for a more inclusive, democratic party structure built on broad popular support.
3.
With reference to the Bretton Woods Institutions, consider the following assertions:
1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) primarily focuses on long-term development projects like infrastructure and education in developing nations.
2. Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are often criticized for requiring borrowing countries to increase public spending and subsidies.
3. The voting power within the IMF is based on the principle of "one country, one vote," ensuring equitable representation.
Which of the assertions given above is/are incorrect?
1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) primarily focuses on long-term development projects like infrastructure and education in developing nations.
2. Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) are often criticized for requiring borrowing countries to increase public spending and subsidies.
3. The voting power within the IMF is based on the principle of "one country, one vote," ensuring equitable representation.
Which of the assertions given above is/are incorrect?
Explanation: All three statements are incorrect. 1: The World Bank, not the IMF, focuses on long-term development projects; the IMF deals with monetary stability and short-term loans. 2: SAPs are criticized for requiring cuts in public spending and subsidies. 3: Voting power in the IMF is weighted based on financial contributions, not the one country, one vote principle.
4.
Arrange the following events of the Russian Revolution in chronological order:
1. The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
2. The "Bloody Sunday" massacre.
3. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
4. The introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP).
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
1. The abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.
2. The "Bloody Sunday" massacre.
3. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
4. The introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP).
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Explanation: The correct chronological order is: "Bloody Sunday" (1905), which triggered the first revolution; Abdication of the Tsar (February 1917); Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918), which ended Russia's involvement in WWI; and the New Economic Policy (March 21), introduced by Lenin after the Civil War.
5.
Fill in the blanks: The World Trade Organization (WTO), established in ______, is the successor to the ______. A major criticism from developing countries is that its decision-making processes are non-transparent and marginalized by major economic powers like the ______ and ______.
Explanation: The WTO was established in 1995 to replace the GATT framework that had governed international trade since 1948. The provided text explicitly mentions that developing countries complain about being marginalized by powerful blocs like the US, EU, and Japan in framing trade rules.
6.
Consider the following statements regarding the consequences of Russia's involvement in World War I:
1. Russia's modernized and well-equipped army led to early victories and boosted national morale.
2. Tsar Nicholas II's decision to take personal command of the army strengthened his political position in Petrograd.
3. The influence of Grigori Rasputin over Tsarina Alexandra during the Tsar's absence led to a collapse in governance and fueled public resentment.
Which of the above statements accurately describes the situation?
1. Russia's modernized and well-equipped army led to early victories and boosted national morale.
2. Tsar Nicholas II's decision to take personal command of the army strengthened his political position in Petrograd.
3. The influence of Grigori Rasputin over Tsarina Alexandra during the Tsar's absence led to a collapse in governance and fueled public resentment.
Which of the above statements accurately describes the situation?
Explanation: Statement 1 is false; Russia's army was not modernized after the Russo-Japanese war and suffered immense casualties. Statement 2 is also false; the Tsar's absence from the capital to command the army further fueled tensions and eroded his support. Statement 3 is correct; Rasputin's influence on the Tsarina, leading to the dismissal of elected officials, crippled the government and intensified public anger against the monarchy.
7.
Which of the following UN bodies' functions are correctly matched?
1. UNESCO: Designates World Heritage Sites and promotes international cooperation in education.
2. ECOSOC: Has legally binding authority over all UN member states on economic matters.
3. IAEA: Operates as a specialized agency of the UN, responsible for global health emergencies.
Select the correct answer.
1. UNESCO: Designates World Heritage Sites and promotes international cooperation in education.
2. ECOSOC: Has legally binding authority over all UN member states on economic matters.
3. IAEA: Operates as a specialized agency of the UN, responsible for global health emergencies.
Select the correct answer.
Explanation: Only statement 1 is correct. UNESCO's mission is to build peace through cooperation in education, sciences, and culture, and it is known for its World Heritage Site program. Statement 2 is incorrect; ECOSOC's role is coordination, and its resolutions are not legally binding like the UNSC's. Statement 3 is incorrect; the IAEA deals with nuclear energy, while the WHO (World Health Organization) is responsible for global health emergencies.
8.
Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1921 represented a strategic, temporary retreat from pure communist ideals. Which of the following was NOT a feature of the NEP?
Explanation: The NEP was a pragmatic policy that introduced small-scale capitalism. It allowed peasants to sell surplus crops and permitted some private enterprise. However, a key aspect was that the state *retained* control over the "commanding heights" of the economy, including major industries, banks, and communications. Therefore, relinquishing this control was not a feature of the NEP.
9.
India's claim for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council is based on several arguments. Which of the following is NOT an argument mentioned in the provided text to support India's candidacy?
Explanation: The text states that the United States is the single largest financial contributor to the UN budget. While India's candidacy is supported by its democratic credentials, economic growth, population, nuclear status, and peacekeeping contributions, the provided material does not claim it is the largest financial contributor.
10.
What was the direct outcome of the February Revolution in 1917?
Explanation: The February Revolution, sparked by strikes and military defections, directly resulted in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. This event brought an end to the Romanov dynasty's rule and led to the establishment of a provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky. The communist state under Lenin was the outcome of the subsequent October Revolution.
11.
Which of the six principal organs of the UN suspended its operations in 1994 after its mission was fulfilled?
Explanation: The Trusteeship Council was created to supervise 11 non-self-governing Trust Territories. It suspended its operations in 1994 when Palau, the last remaining territory, achieved independence.
12.
What was the "October Manifesto" issued by Tsar Nicholas II?
Explanation: Following the widespread strikes and unrest of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, which promised reforms and transformed the autocracy into a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament, the Duma.
13.
Consider the following pairs:
UN Agency Headquarters
1. WFP Rome, Italy
2. UNESCO Geneva, Switzerland
3. UNDP New York, USA
4. IAEA Paris, France
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
UN Agency Headquarters
1. WFP Rome, Italy
2. UNESCO Geneva, Switzerland
3. UNDP New York, USA
4. IAEA Paris, France
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
Explanation: 1 is correct (WFP is in Rome). 3 is correct (UNDP is in New York). 2 is incorrect (UNESCO is in Paris, not Geneva). 4 is incorrect (IAEA is in Vienna, not Paris).
14.
The Russian Civil War (1918-1920) was fought between which two primary factions?
Explanation: The civil war pitted the Bolsheviks' "Red Army" against the "White Army," a loose coalition of their opponents which included monarchists, democrats, and anti-Bolshevik socialists, who received some support from Western nations.
15.
What is the "Great Power unanimity" rule in the UN Security Council?
Explanation: The phrase "Great Power unanimity" is the term used in the UN Charter to describe what is commonly known as the veto power. It means that a negative vote from any of the five permanent members (P5) can block a substantive resolution.
16.
Which of the following was a primary cause of the widespread social unrest in 19th-century Russia?
Explanation: The provided text states that "The oppressive governance of most 19th-century tsars led to decades of widespread social unrest" and also mentions "growing anger over deep-seated social inequalities." The other options are events from the 20th century.
17.
Assertion (A): The World Bank is often criticized for setting the economic agenda of poorer nations.
Reason (R): The loans provided by the World Bank come with stringent conditions, often forcing free-market reforms upon borrowing countries.
Reason (R): The loans provided by the World Bank come with stringent conditions, often forcing free-market reforms upon borrowing countries.
Explanation: The assertion (A) is a stated criticism of the World Bank. The reason (R) explains how this influence is exerted – through the stringent conditions and mandated free-market reforms attached to its loans. Therefore, both are true and R correctly explains A.
18.
The formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922 was Lenin's response to what perceived threat?
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "Viewing nationalism as a threat to unity and party loyalty, Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics (Soviets) under a central government," which led to the creation of the USSR.
19.
What is the "spaghetti bowl system"?
Explanation: The text defines "new regionalism" as a recent wave of regional cooperation linked to globalization and mentions that it has created a complex web of overlapping trade agreements "sometimes called a 'spaghetti bowl system'".
20.
What was the significance of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) in the context of the Russian Revolution?
Explanation: The text states that Russia's "humiliating defeat in this war ended Russia's ambitions of dominating Asia and significantly contributed to domestic unrest, paving the way for the 1905 revolution."
21.
How many members does the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) have, and for what term are they elected?
Explanation: The text specifies that ECOSOC "has 54 members elected by the GA for overlapping three-year terms."
22.
Which event is described as the catalyst for the February Revolution of 1917?
Explanation: The text clearly states, "The revolution was sparked by women textile workers in Petrograd who led a citywide strike, which was followed by riots over shortages of bread and fuel."
23.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established based on which proposal?
Explanation: The text mentions that the IAEA was "Established in 1957 from President Eisenhower's 'Atoms for Peace' proposal".
24.
Following the October Revolution, the Bolshevik government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. What was a major consequence of this treaty?
Explanation: The treaty allowed Russia to pull out of WWI but at a high cost. The text notes, "In March 1918, Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, surrendering a large portion of its territory. The humiliating terms of this treaty led to widespread anger and opposition to Bolshevik policies."
25.
Which of the following statements about the UN Secretary-General is correct according to the provided text?
Explanation: The text states the GA "appoints the Secretary-General upon the UNSC's recommendation." It also mentions a five-year, renewable term. While Kofi Annan was a notable Secretary-General from Africa (Ghana), the text does not specify if he was the first.
26.
What were "soviets" in the context of the Russian Revolution?
Explanation: The text defines soviets as "local councils comprising workers, peasants, and soldiers" that competed for power with the provisional government.
27.
The European Union (EU) operates through a three-pronged governing structure. Which of the following correctly matches the institution with its primary function as described in the text?
Explanation: The text describes the system as: EU Council (proposes), EU Parliament (debates and passes), and EU Commission (enforces). Therefore, the correct match is the EU Parliament's function.
28.
By 1928, what was the state of the Soviet Union's economy?
Explanation: The text concludes by stating, "By 1928, the country's agricultural and industrial production had returned to pre-World War I levels."
29.
Which of the following is an example of India's contribution to the UN mentioned in the text?
Explanation: The text explicitly lists India's contributions, including providing "the first female President of the UNGA, Vijayalakshmi Pandit (1953)."
30.
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
Explanation: After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, "The leaders of the Duma formed a provisional government headed by Alexander Kerensky."
31.
What distinguishes the decision-making power of the UN Security Council from that of the General Assembly?
Explanation: A key difference highlighted in the text is that the UNSC's "decisions are legally binding on all UN members," while the GA's resolutions "are not legally binding but carry immense moral weight."
32.
The abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861 is significant because:
Explanation: The text notes that serfdom "persisted until its abolition in 1861, long after it had disappeared from most of Europe," indicating the socio-economic lag of the Russian Empire.
33.
The World Food Programme (WFP), the world's largest humanitarian organization, was recognized for its work with what prestigious award in 2020?
Explanation: The text directly states that the WFP "was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2020."
34.
What was the fate of Tsar Nicholas II and his family after his abdication?
Explanation: The text explicitly mentions, "Nicholas and his family were executed by revolutionaries a year later."
35.
According to the text, a major complaint regarding the UN Security Council that fuels the reform debate is that it:
Explanation: The text lists several complaints about the UNSC, including "that it no longer represents contemporary political realities" and "it lacks equitable representation."
36.
Why did Alexander Kerensky's provisional government lose popular support?
Explanation: The text says of Kerensky, "His decision to continue the war cost him the support of both the army and civilians."
37.
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has 15 judges. How are they elected?
Explanation: The text states that the ICJ has "15 judges elected concurrently by the GA and the UNSC for nine-year terms."
38.
In the 1924 constitution of the USSR, where did the effective political power reside?
Explanation: Despite the constitution being based on socialist and democratic principles, the text clarifies that "the Communist Party retained all effective power."
39.
What is the primary role of the IMF?
Explanation: The text specifies the IMF's role is to "oversee the international monetary system, aiming to stabilize exchange rates and provide short-term loans to countries facing balance-of-payments difficulties."
40.
What change did the Bolsheviks make to their name after taking power?
Explanation: The text states, "The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the 'communist party', and Lenin became the dictator of the world's first communist state."
41.
What percentage of votes in the UN General Assembly is required to pass a resolution on an "important question"?
Explanation: The text states, "Decisions on ordinary matters pass with a simple majority, while 'important questions' require a two-thirds majority vote."
42.
What impact did the Industrial Revolution's arrival in Russia have on its urban areas?
Explanation: The text indicates that the Industrial Revolution "led to a rapid increase in the urban population and workforce, straining city infrastructure and causing overcrowding, pollution, and a new level of poverty among the urban working class."
43.
Which UN agency's primary mission is to protect the rights of every child, focusing on health, nutrition, and education?
Explanation: The text identifies UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund) as the agency that "works in over 190 countries to protect the rights of every child, focusing on health, nutrition, education, and protection from violence and exploitation."
44.
How did Lenin maintain contact with the Bolsheviks while in exile?
Explanation: The text states that Vladimir Lenin "had been in exile in Western Europe to avoid arrest but maintained contact with his party." It does not provide specifics on the method of contact.
45.
The governing structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is intended to be by consensus. However, what is the practical reality described in the text?
Explanation: The text notes that while decisions are intended to be by consensus, "in practice, major economic powers like the US, EU, and Japan have managed to frame rules that advance their own interests."
46.
What was the estimated human cost of the Russian Civil War and the subsequent famine?
Explanation: The text gives a specific figure: "The civil war, compounded by a subsequent famine, resulted in an estimated 15 million deaths over a three-year period."
47.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a core purpose of the United Nations in its Charter?
Explanation: The text lists the four core purposes of the UN, none of which include establishing a global government. The UN is based on the principle of sovereign equality of its members.
48.
The ideas of which philosopher heavily influenced the revolutionary movements in Russia?
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "Revolutionary movements, inspired by Karl Marx's ideas, grew within Russian society."
49.
What major global event triggered widespread calls for UN reform to reflect new geopolitical realities?
Explanation: The text specifies that "The end of the Cold War triggered widespread calls for UN reform to reflect new geopolitical realities."
50.
What was the main characteristic of Russia's political system in the early 1900s?
Explanation: The text describes the political system as "the autocratic rule of the imperial House of Romanovs" where "The monarch, known as the Tsar, held supreme power."
51.
Who was Dag Hammarskjöld and what crisis is he noted for managing?
Explanation: The text identifies Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden) as a former Secretary-General who "managed the Suez Canal crisis." The answer to question 42 in the provided Q&A confirms he was the second SG.
52.
Which statement accurately describes the military situation during the February 1917 revolution?
Explanation: The text describes a critical turning point: "Initially, soldiers followed orders to shoot the rioters, but they soon switched sides, firing on their commanding officers and joining the rebellion." This mass defection was key to the Tsar's abdication.
53.
The World Bank Group comprises five institutions. According to the text, which two are mentioned by name or acronym?
Explanation: When describing the World Bank's structure, the text explicitly says it "comprises five institutions, including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)."
54.
In what year did Lenin launch the New Economic Policy (NEP)?
Explanation: The text specifies the date clearly: "In March 1921, Lenin introduced the NEP".
55.
What is the common criticism directed at the "conditionalities" or Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) of the IMF?
Explanation: The text explains that the IMF is heavily criticized for its "conditionalities" (SAPs), "which often require borrowing countries to implement neoliberal reforms like cutting subsidies, reducing public spending, and privatizing state-owned enterprises, which can harm the most vulnerable populations."
56.
The October Revolution of 1917 can be best described as a:
Explanation: The text describes the event as Lenin returning to lead "the communist revolutionaries in a coup against Kerensky's provisional government," followed by the Bolsheviks seizing key locations.
57.
Which country was the first to raise the issue of apartheid in the UN, as per the text?
Explanation: Highlighting India's contributions, the text states, "India was the first country to raise the issue of apartheid in the UN (1946)".
58.
What was the primary social structure of Russia in the early 20th century?
Explanation: The text describes the social structure as "predominantly agrarian, with a large population of peasants and a growing class of industrial workers."
59.
The European Union was formally established in 1993 by which treaty?
Explanation: The text states the EU was "Formally established in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty".
60.
Grigori Rasputin's influence was particularly strong because:
Explanation: The text highlights that in the Tsar's absence, "Tsarina Alexandra, whose German heritage made her unpopular, was in charge of governance. She was heavily influenced by Grigori Rasputin... On his advice, she dismissed elected officials, leading to a collapse in governance".
61.
Which of the following UN principles guides the functioning of the General Assembly, where each member has one vote?
Explanation: The text mentions that one of the UN's guiding principles is the "sovereign equality of members" and that in the GA, "all 193 members have one vote each based on the principle of sovereign equality."
62.
The assassination of which Tsar in 1881 is mentioned as an act of secret revolutionary groups?
Explanation: The text notes, "A notable act of these groups was the assassination of the reform-minded Tsar Alexander II in 1881 by student revolutionaries."
63.
Which city hosts the headquarters for both the WHO and the WTO?
Explanation: The text specifies that the WHO is "Based in Geneva, Switzerland" and the WTO is "Headquartered in Geneva".
64.
What was the final outcome of the Russian Civil War (1918-1920)?
Explanation: The text concludes the section on the civil war by stating, "Ultimately, the Red Army emerged victorious, leading to the formation of a stronger government and the superstate known as the Soviet Union."
65.
The term "New Regionalism" is described as a wave of cooperation linked to what global phenomenon?
Explanation: The text defines "New Regionalism" as "a more recent wave, linked to globalization, that has created a complex web of overlapping trade agreements".
66.
Under Lenin's NEP, what sectors of the economy remained under government control?
Explanation: While the NEP allowed for some private enterprise, the text clarifies, "The government maintained control over major industries, banks, and communication systems."
67.
What is the role of the UN Secretariat?
Explanation: The text describes the Secretariat as "The administrative engine of the UN," consisting of the Secretary-General and around 41,000 international civil servants.
68.
The belief that the industrial working class would overthrow the Tsar and establish a "dictatorship of the proletariat" is based on whose ideology?
Explanation: The text connects this belief directly to Karl Marx, stating revolutionaries "believed that the industrial working class would overthrow the Tsar and establish a 'dictatorship of the proletariat'."
69.
Which two International Days proposed by India were adopted by the UN, according to the text?
Explanation: The text clearly states, "India's proposals for an International Day of Non-violence (Oct 2) and International Yoga Day (June 21) were adopted by the UN."
70.
The Romanov dynasty ruled the Russian Empire for how long before its end in 1917?
Explanation: The text says the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II brought "an end to the three-century-long Romanov rule." It also mentions the dynasty ruled from 1613 to 1917.
71.
The UN's predecessor organization, the League of Nations, was created after which major conflict?
Explanation: The provided answer key states, "The UN's predecessor, the League of Nations, was created after which war? Answer: The First World War."
72.
Which statement best characterizes the Russian economy at the turn of the 20th century?
Explanation: The text opens by stating, "At the turn of the 20th century, Russia was one of Europe's least industrialized and most economically backward nations."
73.
The roots of the European Union can be traced back to which two organizations from the 1950s?
Explanation: The text traces the EU's roots back to "the European Coal and Steel Community (1951) and the European Economic Community (EEC, 1957)."
74.
When Russia was renamed the USSR in 1922, what city was declared the new capital?
Explanation: The text states, "In 1922, Russia was officially named the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)... Moscow was declared the new capital."
75.
India has been continuously re-elected to the Executive Board of which UN agency since 1946?
Explanation: The text about UNESCO states, "India has been continuously re-elected to its Executive Board since 1946."
76.
A revolt by Army officers in 1825 is mentioned as an example of:
Explanation: The text lists "a revolt by Army officers in 1825" as one of the "numerous violent reactions" provoked by the unfair governance of the Tsars.
77.
The United Nations was founded with how many original members, and what is its current membership?
Explanation: The text states the UN was "Founded by 51 original members... its membership has grown to 193 states."
78.
Why was Tsarina Alexandra unpopular with the Russian public during WWI?
Explanation: The text notes that "Tsarina Alexandra, whose German heritage made her unpopular, was in charge of governance."
79.
Who is the current Secretary-General of the UN and what is his nationality?
Explanation: The text identifies "the current Secretary-General, António Guterres (Portugal)."
80.
What was the primary function of the Duma created after the 1905 Revolution?
Explanation: The text describes the Duma as the "Russian parliament" but notes that "the Tsar retained ultimate decision-making power and frequently dismissed the Duma (Russian parliament) to obstruct reforms."
81.
The IMF's voting system is heavily criticized because:
Explanation: The text states, "Its voting system is weighted based on financial contributions. The G7 members control over 41% of the votes, while the US alone holds 16.52%."
82.
Foreign intervention during the Russian Civil War was primarily in support of which side?
Explanation: The text mentions, "Several Western nations, including the United States, sent military aid and forces to support the White Army."
83.
The UN organ responsible for coordinating the "UN Family" of specialized agencies, programmes, and funds is:
Explanation: The text defines ECOSOC as "The central body for the UN's economic and social work" and states that "It coordinates the 'UN Family' of specialized agencies, programmes, and funds."
84.
What was one of the key factors leading to chronic food shortages in Russia in the early 20th century?
Explanation: The text points to "Decades of economic mismanagement and costly wars" as the cause of "chronic food shortages for the booming population."
85.
What is the common currency of the European Union, as mentioned in the text?
Explanation: The text states one of the EU's purposes is to "establish a unified economic and monetary system (using the Euro)".
86.
The October Revolution saw the Bolsheviks and their allies seize power. What form did their new government initially take?
Explanation: After seizing key locations, the text notes the Bolsheviks "formed a new government composed of a council of soldiers, peasants, and workers. Lenin became the head of this new government."
87.
Which Secretary-General declared the 2003 Iraq invasion illegal?
Explanation: The text mentions "Kofi Annan (Ghana), who declared the 2003 Iraq invasion illegal".
88.
Which of these events occurred first?
Explanation: The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) preceded the October Revolution (1917), the Civil War (1918-1920), and the formation of the USSR (1922).
89.
The primary role of the World Bank Group is to:
Explanation: The text defines the World Bank's role as focusing "on long-term development and poverty reduction in developing countries."
90.
What was the status of Russia's army going into World War I?
Explanation: The text states, "Having failed to modernize its army after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia suffered disastrous consequences" in WWI.
91.
When was the UN officially established, and in which city was its charter signed?
Explanation: The text states the UN was established on October 24, 1945. The provided Q&A section confirms the charter was signed in San Francisco.
92.
The "Bloody Sunday Massacre" involved:
Explanation: The text describes "Bloody Sunday" as an event where "workers marched to the Winter Palace of Tsar Nicholas II... the large crowd intimidated the soldiers, who opened fire, killing and wounding hundreds."
93.
What is the primary mandate of the UNDP?
Explanation: The text defines the role of the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) as working "to eradicate poverty and reduce inequalities through sustainable development."
94.
Lenin's decision to name the new country the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was in honor of what?
Explanation: The text says the name USSR was chosen "in honor of the councils that helped initiate the revolution."
95.
Which of these is NOT a permanent member of the UN Security Council?
Explanation: The five permanent members (P5) are listed as China, France, Russia, the UK, and the US. Germany is not on this list, though it is a member of the G4 group seeking a permanent seat.
96.
The revolutionaries split into the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in which year?
Explanation: The text states, "In 1903, the revolutionaries split into two factions: Mensheviks and Bolsheviks."
97.
The concept of "collective security" is a principle under which the UN Security Council can order military action. What does it mean?
Explanation: The text's Q&A section defines "collective security" as "A system where the aggression of one state against another is treated as an attack on all member states."
98.
According to the text, why was the reform-minded Tsar Alexander II assassinated?
Explanation: The text specifies that the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was carried out "by student revolutionaries" belonging to secret revolutionary groups.
99.
Which two institutions are collectively known as the "Bretton Woods Institutions"?
Explanation: The text states, "Created in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, these institutions were designed to build a framework for international economic cooperation," referring to the IMF and the World Bank.
100.
What was the final step that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II?
Explanation: The text highlights the decisive event: "This mass defection [of soldiers] forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate his throne".