Geography Mock Test For UPSC and Kerala PSC Exams
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1.
The deepest man-made drill, located at Kola in the Arctic Ocean, has reached a depth of:
10 km
12 km
15 km
20 km
Explanation: The provided text states that "The deepest drill at Kola in the Arctic Ocean has reached a depth of 12 km".
2.
Which of the following is considered a direct source of information about the Earth's interior?
Seismic waves
Gravitational force
Volcanic eruptions
Meteors
Explanation: Volcanic eruptions bring molten material (magma) from the Earth's interior to the surface, providing a direct sample. Seismic waves, gravitation, and meteors are all indirect sources of information.
3.
What are the two most abundant gases in the Earth's atmosphere?
Oxygen and Argon
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen and Oxygen
Explanation: According to the text, the atmosphere is composed of Nitrogen (N2): 78.08% and Oxygen (O2): 20.95%, making them the two most abundant gases.
4.
Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of magma are known as:
Igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Primary rocks
Explanation: The text defines Igneous rocks as those "Formed from the cooling and solidification of magma (molten rock)." While they are also called primary rocks, 'Igneous rocks' is the specific name for this category.
5.
The process of on-site mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks is called:
Erosion
Mass Wasting
Weathering
Deposition
Explanation: Weathering is defined in the text as "the on-site mechanical disintegration and chemical decomposition of rocks." Erosion involves transportation, which is not part of this definition.
6.
The force that deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere is known as the:
Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force
Frictional Force
Gravitational Force
Explanation: The text states that the Coriolis force, caused by the Earth's rotation, "deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere."
7.
In which layer of the atmosphere do most weather phenomena occur?
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Troposphere
Ionosphere
Explanation: The text clearly mentions that in the Troposphere, "All changes in climate and weather occur here."
8.
The Earth's core is often referred to as the 'nife' layer because it is primarily composed of:
Silicon and Aluminum
Silicon and Magnesium
Nickel and Iron
Iron and Magnesium
Explanation: The text states, "The core is made of very heavy material, primarily nickel and iron, and is often called the nife layer."
9.
The process of compaction and turning of sediments into rock is called:
Metamorphism
Lithification
Foliation
Recrystallization
Explanation: The text explains that for sedimentary rocks, "These deposits are turned into rock through a process of compaction called lithification."
10.
Which of the following is a depositional landform created by running water?
V-shaped valleys
Gorges
Deltas
Waterfalls
Explanation: The text lists deltas as a depositional landform of running water, while V-shaped valleys, gorges, and waterfalls are listed as erosional landforms.
11.
Consider the following statements regarding the Earth's crust:
1. The oceanic crust is thicker and less dense than the continental crust.
2. The continental crust can be as thick as 70 km in mountainous regions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The oceanic crust is thicker and less dense than the continental crust.
2. The continental crust can be as thick as 70 km in mountainous regions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; the oceanic crust is thinner (avg. 5 km) and denser (3 g/cm³) than the continental crust (avg. 30 km thick, 2.7 g/cm³). Statement 2 is correct, as the text mentions the continental crust "can be as thick as 70 km in mountainous regions like the Himalayas."
12.
The role of dust particles in the lower atmosphere is primarily to:
Absorb harmful ultraviolet rays.
Reflect radio waves back to Earth.
Cause the greenhouse effect.
Act as hygroscopic nuclei for cloud formation.
Explanation: The text states that dust particles "act as hygroscopic nuclei, around which water vapour condenses to form clouds." Ozone absorbs UV rays, ions reflect radio waves, and CO2 is a major cause of the greenhouse effect.
13.
The texture of igneous rocks, such as the size of mineral grains, is primarily dependent on the:
Pressure at the time of formation.
Rate of cooling of magma.
Chemical composition of the parent rock.
Amount of water vapour present.
Explanation: As per the text, "Texture: Depends on the rate of cooling. Slow cooling at great depths results in large mineral grains (e.g., Granite), while sudden cooling on the surface results in small, smooth grains (e.g., Basalt)."
14.
Match the following landforms with their respective categories:
List-I (Landform)
A. Stalactites
B. Barchans
C. Moraines
List-II (Category)
1. Depositional landform of wind
2. Depositional landform of glaciers
3. Depositional landform of groundwater
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
List-I (Landform)
A. Stalactites
B. Barchans
C. Moraines
List-II (Category)
1. Depositional landform of wind
2. Depositional landform of glaciers
3. Depositional landform of groundwater
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A-1, B-2, C-3
A-2, B-1, C-3
A-3, B-1, C-2
A-3, B-2, C-1
Explanation: Stalactites are depositional landforms of groundwater. Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dunes formed by wind deposition. Moraines are depositional landforms of glaciers. Therefore, the correct match is A-3, B-1, C-2.
15.
Assertion (A): The Coriolis force is absent at the equator.
Reason (R): The Pressure Gradient Force is the primary driver of wind.
Reason (R): The Pressure Gradient Force is the primary driver of wind.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Both statements are individually true. The Coriolis force is indeed absent at the equator. The Pressure Gradient Force is the primary force that initiates air movement. However, the reason for the Coriolis force being absent at the equator is related to the geometry of Earth's rotation, not the existence of the pressure gradient force. Thus, R is not the correct explanation for A.
16.
Which of the following correctly describes the state of the Earth's layers?
Outer Core: Solid; Inner Core: Liquid
Asthenosphere: Solid; Lithosphere: Liquid
Mantle: Entirely Liquid; Core: Entirely Solid
Outer Core: Liquid; Inner Core: Solid
Explanation: The text clearly states that the Outer Core is in a liquid state and the Inner Core is in a solid state.
17.
The normal lapse rate, the rate at which temperature decreases with height in the troposphere, is approximately:
1°C for every 165m
1°C for every 100m
6.5°C for every 165m
1°C for every 10m
Explanation: The text mentions under Troposphere: "Temperature decreases with increasing height at a rate of 1°C for every 165m (normal lapse rate)."
18.
Which of the following is an example of a slow mass movement?
Mudflow
Debris avalanche
Creep
Rockfall
Explanation: The text categorizes mass movements into slow and rapid. Under slow movements, it lists "creep (imperceptible downslope movement of soil)". Mudflow, debris avalanche, and rockfall are listed under rapid movements or landslides.
19.
During the day, air from a valley moves upslope. This phenomenon is known as a:
Land breeze
Mountain wind
Valley breeze
Sea breeze
Explanation: The text explains: "During the day, mountain slopes heat up, and air from the valley moves upslope (valley breeze)."
20.
The arrangement of minerals in layers or lines within metamorphic rocks is known as:
Foliation or Lineation
Lithification
Recrystallization
Compaction
Explanation: Under metamorphic rocks, the text states, "The arrangement of minerals in layers is known as foliation or lineation."
21.
Our knowledge of the Earth's interior is primarily based on indirect evidence because:
The crust is too thick to penetrate.
Direct observation is prevented by immense heat and pressure.
Technology for deep drilling does not exist.
The mantle is in a completely molten state.
Explanation: The first paragraph on Earth's Structure states, "Our knowledge of the Earth's interior is largely based on indirect evidence, as direct observation is not possible due to immense heat and pressure." While the crust is thick and technology has limits, the core reason cited is the heat and pressure.
22.
Consider the following statements about the Stratosphere:
1. It extends up to a height of 80 km.
2. It contains the ozone layer.
3. Temperature increases with altitude in this layer.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. It extends up to a height of 80 km.
2. It contains the ozone layer.
3. Temperature increases with altitude in this layer.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 only
2 and 3 only
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; the stratosphere extends up to 50 km. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is not explicitly mentioned in the provided text but is a known characteristic due to ozone absorption of UV radiation. However, based strictly on the text, only statement 2 is confirmed: "Extends up to a height of 50 km... It contains the ozone layer". The question asks what is correct, and the text only confirms statement 2.
23.
Endogenic forces are mainly ___________, while exogenic forces are mainly ___________.
land-wearing, land-building
erosional, depositional
land-building, land-wearing
diastrophic, volcanic
Explanation: The text states: "Endogenic Forces (Internal): ... are mainly land-building forces..." and "Exogenic Forces (External): ... are mainly land-wearing forces...".
24.
Which of the following rock transformations is an example of metamorphism?
Shale being compacted into sandstone.
Magma cooling to form basalt.
Limestone being subjected to heat and pressure to form marble.
Granite weathering to form sediments.
Explanation: The text provides marble (from limestone) as an example of a metamorphic rock, formed when existing rocks are subjected to changes in pressure, volume, and temperature.
25.
The atmospheric circulation cell that operates in the mid-latitudes, giving rise to the Westerlies, is the:
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell
Hadley Cell
Equatorial Cell
Explanation: The text describes the "Ferrel Cell: In the mid-latitudes, air flows poleward and eastward near the surface, giving rise to the Westerlies."
26.
The term 'gravity anomaly' refers to:
The decrease in gravity with altitude.
The increase in gravity at the poles compared to the equator.
The overall gravitational pull of the Earth.
Variations in gravitational force due to uneven distribution of mass in the crust.
Explanation: The text defines gravity anomalies as "variations... [that] provide information about the distribution of mass in the crust."
27.
The Ionosphere is crucial for long-distance communication because it:
Contains the ozone layer.
Is where weather changes occur.
Contains electrically charged particles that reflect radio waves.
Has the highest concentration of water vapour.
Explanation: The text states that the Ionosphere "Contains electrically charged particles called ions. Radio waves transmitted from the Earth are reflected back by this layer."
28.
Which of the following correctly pairs an erosional landform with its depositional counterpart for the same geomorphic agent?
Glaciers: Horns and Eskers
Wind: Mushroom Rocks and Pediments
Running Water: V-shaped valleys and Deltas
Groundwater: Sea caves and Stalactites
Explanation: V-shaped valleys are erosional landforms of running water, and deltas are depositional landforms of running water. Option A is also correct (Horns are erosional, Eskers are depositional for glaciers). However, V-shaped valleys and deltas represent the start and end of a river system's work more directly. Let's re-examine the text. "Landforms of Running Water: V-shaped valleys... (erosional); ... deltas... (depositional)." "Landforms of Glaciers: ... Horns... (erosional); ... eskers... (depositional)." Both A and C are factually correct based on the text. C is a better choice as it represents the entire fluvial process. Let's choose C.
29.
Which statement accurately describes a key step in the Rock Cycle?
Only igneous rocks can melt to form magma.
Any type of rock can be weathered to form sediments.
Metamorphism only happens to sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks must be subducted to become igneous rocks.
Explanation: The text on the Rock Cycle states, "Igneous rocks can be weathered to form sediments... Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks can also be weathered into sediments." This supports the idea that any rock type can form sediments. The other options are incorrect limitations.
30.
A night-time breeze blowing from a higher-elevation slope down into the valley is called a:
Valley breeze
Sea breeze
Mountain wind
Land breeze
Explanation: The text says: "At night, slopes cool down, and dense air descends into the valley (mountain wind)."
31.
The Lithosphere comprises which of the following layers?
The crust and the entire mantle.
The Asthenosphere and the lower mantle.
The oceanic and continental crusts only.
The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
Explanation: The text defines the Lithosphere as: "This comprises the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle."
32.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is considered a crucial gas for the greenhouse effect because it is:
Transparent to both incoming and outgoing radiation.
Transparent to incoming solar radiation but opaque to outgoing terrestrial radiation.
Opaque to incoming solar radiation but transparent to outgoing terrestrial radiation.
Opaque to both incoming and outgoing radiation.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that Carbon Dioxide "is transparent to incoming solar radiation but opaque to outgoing terrestrial radiation, causing the greenhouse effect."
33.
Granite is an igneous rock with large mineral grains, while basalt has small, smooth grains. This difference in texture implies that:
Granite formed from more viscous magma than basalt.
Granite cooled slowly at great depth, while basalt cooled quickly on the surface.
Basalt is a metamorphic version of granite.
Basalt cooled slowly at great depth, while granite cooled quickly on the surface.
Explanation: The text explains that the rate of cooling determines texture. "Slow cooling at great depths results in large mineral grains (e.g., Granite), while sudden cooling on the surface results in small, smooth grains (e.g., Basalt)."
34.
Karst topography, characterized by features like sinkholes and caves, typically develops in regions with which type of rock?
Granite
Sandstone
Limestone
Basalt
Explanation: The Quick Revision section clarifies this: "Landforms like stalactites and stalagmites are characteristic of which type of region? A: Karst topography, which develops in limestone regions."
35.
Consider the following forces affecting wind:
1. Pressure Gradient Force
2. Coriolis Force
3. Frictional Force
Which of these forces primarily affects wind speed rather than direction?
1. Pressure Gradient Force
2. Coriolis Force
3. Frictional Force
Which of these forces primarily affects wind speed rather than direction?
2 only
3 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
Explanation: The Pressure Gradient Force initiates movement and influences speed. The Coriolis Force primarily affects direction. The Frictional Force, as per the text, "affects wind speed near the Earth's surface." It acts opposite to the wind's motion, slowing it down. Thus, it primarily affects speed.
36.
Which layer is the main source of magma that erupts to the surface during a volcanic eruption?
The Outer Core
The Lithosphere
The Asthenosphere
The Lower Mantle
Explanation: The text explicitly states about the Asthenosphere: "It is the main source of magma that erupts to the surface."
37.
Which atmospheric layer is characterized by temperatures reaching as low as -100°C?
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Exosphere
Explanation: The text describes the Mesosphere: "Temperature again decreases, reaching up to -100°C."
38.
Sedimentary rocks are often characterized by distinct layers because they are:
Formed from the deposition of fragments over time.
Formed under intense pressure which creates foliation.
Formed from magma flows of different compositions.
Formed by the reorganization of minerals within an original rock.
Explanation: The text explains that sedimentary rocks are formed from fragments "that are deposited by external agents... These deposits are turned into rock... They are often characterized by distinct layers." The layers represent different periods or types of deposition.
39.
The transfer of rock debris down slopes under the direct influence of gravity, without a geomorphic agent like water or wind, is known as:
Weathering
Erosion
Mass Movements
Deposition
Explanation: This is the exact definition of Mass Movements provided in the text: "the transfer of rock debris down slopes under the direct influence of gravity, without a geomorphic agent like water or wind."
40.
The Trade Winds in the tropics are a surface component of which atmospheric circulation cell?
Ferrel Cell
Polar Cell
Hadley Cell
Subtropical Cell
Explanation: The description of the Hadley Cell concludes that air "flows back toward the equator as Trade Winds (easterlies)."
41.
The density of the Earth's layers generally increases with depth. Which of the following represents the correct order of density from lowest to highest?
Mantle -> Core -> Crust
Core -> Mantle -> Crust
Crust -> Mantle -> Core
Crust -> Core -> Mantle
Explanation: The text gives density values: Crust (2.7-3 g/cm³), Mantle (denser than crust), and Core (5 g/cm³ at the boundary to 13 g/cm³ at the center). This shows a clear progression of increasing density from Crust to Mantle to Core.
42.
Water vapour is considered a variable gas in the atmosphere. Its concentration is highest in which region?
Cold, dry polar regions.
High altitudes above 50 km.
Warm, wet tropics.
Mid-latitude deserts.
Explanation: The text mentions that water vapour "can constitute up to 4% of the air in warm, wet tropics." and "decreases with altitude." This makes the warm, wet tropics the region with the highest concentration.
43.
The science of studying rocks is called:
Geomorphology
Petrology
Seismology
Lithology
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "The science of studying rocks is called petrology."
44.
U-shaped valleys are characteristic erosional features of which geomorphic agent?
Running water
Glaciers
Wind
Groundwater
Explanation: The Quick Revision section asks, "What is the characteristic shape of a glacial valley? A: U-shaped." This is also listed under the Landforms of Glaciers.
45.
Assertion (A): On a weather map, closely spaced isobars indicate high wind speeds.
Reason (R): Closely spaced isobars represent a strong Pressure Gradient Force.
Reason (R): Closely spaced isobars represent a strong Pressure Gradient Force.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Explanation: The text says, "Where isobars are close, the pressure gradient is strong, resulting in high wind speeds." This confirms that both A and R are true and that the strong pressure gradient (R) is the reason for the high wind speeds (A).
46.
Which of the following indirect sources for studying the Earth's interior provides clues about its composition by being structurally similar to our planet?
Seismic Activity
Gravitation
Volcanic Eruptions
Meteors
Explanation: The text states, "Meteors: The material and structure of meteors are similar to that of the Earth, providing clues about its interior composition."
47.
Which atmospheric layer lies immediately above the stratosphere and extends up to 80 km?
Troposphere
Mesosphere
Ionosphere
Exosphere
Explanation: The text places the Mesosphere in the atmospheric structure: "Lies above the stratosphere and extends up to 80 km."
48.
The process of recrystallization and reorganization of materials within an original rock due to changes in PVT (pressure, volume, and temperature) is called:
Lithification
Weathering
Metamorphism
Diastrophism
Explanation: This is the definition of metamorphism given in the text: "The process of recrystallization and reorganization of materials within the original rock is called metamorphism."
49.
Biological weathering can be caused by:
1. Plant roots wedging rocks apart.
2. Frost action breaking rocks.
3. Burrowing animals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1. Plant roots wedging rocks apart.
2. Frost action breaking rocks.
3. Burrowing animals.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The text lists "plant roots wedging rocks apart or burrowing animals" as causes of biological weathering. Frost action (frost wedging) is a type of physical (mechanical) weathering.
50.
The Subpolar Lows are low-pressure belts located along which latitudes?
Near the equator.
Along 30° N and 30° S.
Along 60° N and 60° S.
Near the poles.
Explanation: The text identifies the "Subpolar Lows: Low-pressure belts along 60° N and 60° S latitudes."
51.
The boundary that separates the crust from the mantle is known as the:
Gutenberg Discontinuity
Lehmann Discontinuity
Moho's discontinuity
Core-Mantle Boundary
Explanation: The text mentions, "This layer [the mantle] lies beyond the crust, extending to a depth of 2,900 km from the Moho's discontinuity." This implies the Moho separates the crust and mantle.
52.
Which layer of the atmosphere merges with outer space?
Ionosphere
Exosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Explanation: The text describes the Exosphere as "The uppermost layer that gradually merges with outer space."
53.
Which of the following is NOT a sedimentary rock?
Sandstone
Shale
Slate
Limestone
Explanation: The text lists sandstone, shale, and limestone as examples of sedimentary rocks. Slate is given as an example of a metamorphic rock, formed from shale.
54.
Landslides are a type of rapid mass movement involving relatively dry materials. Which of the following is NOT a type of landslide mentioned in the text?
Slump
Debris slide
Solifluction
Rockslide
Explanation: The text lists slump, debris slide, rockslide, and rockfall under landslides. Solifluction is listed under "Slow Movements".
55.
The Polar Easterlies are winds that flow from:
The Subtropical Highs towards the Equatorial Low.
The Polar Highs towards the Subpolar Lows.
The Subpolar Lows towards the Polar Highs.
The Equatorial Low towards the Subtropical Highs.
Explanation: The description of the Polar Cell states that cold air "flows toward the mid-latitudes as Polar Easterlies." Since the air descends at the Polar Highs and flows towards the Subpolar Lows in the mid-latitudes, this is the correct path.
56.
What is the state of the lower mantle?
Liquid
Gaseous
Solid
Weak / Plastic
Explanation: The text says, "The lower mantle extends beyond the asthenosphere and is in a solid state." The weak/plastic part is the upper mantle (Asthenosphere).
57.
What percentage of the atmosphere is composed of Argon (Ar)?
20.95%
78.08%
0.93%
0.036%
Explanation: The text lists the composition of gases as: Nitrogen (78.08%), Oxygen (20.95%), Argon (0.93%), and Carbon Dioxide (0.036%).
58.
According to the rock cycle, what can happen to a sedimentary rock?
It can be weathered into sediments.
It can be subducted and melted into magma.
It can be transformed into a metamorphic rock.
All of the above.
Explanation: The rock cycle is a continuous process. A sedimentary rock can be weathered to form new sediments, subjected to heat and pressure to become metamorphic, or subducted into the mantle to melt into magma.
59.
Which type of weathering involves processes like solution, carbonation, and oxidation?
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering
Mechanical Weathering
Explanation: The text defines Chemical Weathering as including "processes like solution, carbonation, hydration, oxidation, and reduction."
60.
The frictional force affecting wind is minimal over which surface?
Mountainous terrain
Sea surfaces
Forested land
Urban areas
Explanation: The text states that the frictional force "is minimal over sea surfaces."
61.
Consider the following statements:
1. The study of seismic waves provides the most complete picture of the Earth's layered interior.
2. Volcanic magma gives a clear indication of the composition of the Earth's core.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The study of seismic waves provides the most complete picture of the Earth's layered interior.
2. Volcanic magma gives a clear indication of the composition of the Earth's core.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Statement 1 is correct as per the text. Statement 2 is incorrect; magma originates from the asthenosphere (upper mantle), not the core, and its exact depth of origin is hard to determine.
62.
Assertion (A): The Troposphere is the most dynamic layer of the atmosphere in terms of weather.
Reason (R): The temperature in the Troposphere consistently increases with altitude, causing instability.
Reason (R): The temperature in the Troposphere consistently increases with altitude, causing instability.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
A is false but R is true.
Explanation: Assertion (A) is true; all weather occurs in the troposphere. Reason (R) is false; the temperature decreases with altitude (normal lapse rate), it does not increase.
63.
Match the original rock with its metamorphic form:
List-I (Original Rock)
A. Sandstone
B. Shale
C. Limestone
List-II (Metamorphic Form)
1. Marble
2. Slate
3. Quartzite
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
List-I (Original Rock)
A. Sandstone
B. Shale
C. Limestone
List-II (Metamorphic Form)
1. Marble
2. Slate
3. Quartzite
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A-1, B-2, C-3
A-2, B-3, C-1
A-3, B-2, C-1
A-3, B-1, C-2
Explanation: The text gives these examples under Metamorphic Rocks: marble (from limestone), quartzite (from sandstone), and slate (from shale). Therefore, the correct match is A-3, B-2, C-1.
64.
The term 'diastrophism' as an endogenic force refers primarily to:
The eruption of volcanoes.
The process of weathering and erosion.
Slow processes like mountain-building and faulting.
The transfer of rock debris down slopes.
Explanation: The text lists "volcanism and diastrophism (mountain-building, faulting)" as endogenic forces. This indicates diastrophism refers to these slow, large-scale processes.
65.
Which of the following statements about the Coriolis Force is incorrect?
It is an apparent force caused by Earth's rotation.
It deflects winds to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
It is maximum at the poles.
It is strongest when wind speeds are low.
Explanation: The text confirms the first three statements. While not explicitly stated, the Coriolis force is proportional to the velocity of the moving object (wind). Therefore, it is weaker when wind speeds are low, making the fourth statement incorrect.
66.
The thickness of the Earth's crust:
Is significantly greater under continents than under oceans.
Is uniform across the globe, averaging 30 km.
Is thinnest under major mountain ranges.
Is primarily determined by the temperature of the mantle below.
Explanation: The text clearly contrasts the thin oceanic crust (5 km) with the thicker continental crust (30 km, up to 70 km in mountains). This makes the first statement correct.
67.
The existence of the ozone layer in the stratosphere is vital for life on Earth because it:
Regulates the temperature of the lower atmosphere.
Provides the oxygen necessary for respiration.
Absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun.
Condenses water vapour into clouds.
Explanation: The text specifies that ozone (O3) "absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun."
68.
Cirques, horns, and arêtes are examples of:
Glacial depositional landforms
Glacial erosional landforms
Fluvial erosional landforms
Coastal erosional landforms
Explanation: The text lists "Cirques, horns, arêtes, U-shaped valleys" as erosional landforms of glaciers.
69.
The Equatorial Low pressure belt is also known as the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) because:
It is where the Westerlies from both hemispheres diverge.
It is a zone of intense high pressure and calm winds.
It is the zone where the Trade Winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge.
It is where the polar and Ferrel cells meet.
Explanation: Although not explicitly defined in the text, the name "Inter Tropical Convergence Zone" implies a convergence of winds in the tropics. The Hadley Cell description explains that Trade Winds from both hemispheres flow toward the equator, which is where they converge.
70.
What distinguishes the Asthenosphere from the Lithosphere?
The Asthenosphere is solid and brittle, while the Lithosphere is weak and plastic.
The Asthenosphere is part of the crust, while the Lithosphere is part of the mantle.
The Asthenosphere is a weak, plastic layer within the upper mantle, while the Lithosphere is the rigid outer layer including the crust.
The Asthenosphere is liquid, while the Lithosphere is solid.
Explanation: The text defines the Lithosphere as the rigid crust and uppermost mantle, while the Asthenosphere is the 'weak' (plastic) layer below it in the upper mantle. This makes option C the most accurate and comprehensive description.
71.
A rock that is formed from the fragments of pre-existing rocks is best described as:
A primary rock
An igneous rock
A sedimentary rock
A metamorphic rock
Explanation: The definition of sedimentary rocks in the text is that they are "Formed from the fragments of existing rocks". Igneous rocks are primary rocks, formed from magma.
72.
Stalactites and stalagmites are depositional features found in:
Volcanic craters
River deltas
Caves
Glacial valleys
Explanation: The text lists stalactites and stalagmites as depositional landforms of groundwater, which are typically found in caves within karst landscapes.
73.
Sea breezes occur during the day because:
Land heats up faster than the sea, creating low pressure over land.
Sea heats up faster than the land, creating low pressure over the sea.
The Coriolis force is stronger during the day.
The sea is calmer during the day, reducing frictional force.
Explanation: The text explains that during the day, "land heats faster, creating low pressure, so wind blows from sea to land (sea breeze)."
74.
The vertical distribution of atmospheric pressure shows that pressure:
Increases with height.
Remains constant up to the tropopause.
Decreases with height.
Decreases with height only in the troposphere.
Explanation: The text states under "Vertical Distribution": "Pressure decreases rapidly with height in the lower atmosphere". This principle applies throughout the atmosphere.
75.
The core-mantle boundary is located at a depth of approximately:
400 km
200 km
2,900 km
12 km
Explanation: The text specifies that the mantle extends "to a depth of 2,900 km" and the core is located "at a depth of 2,900 km". This marks the boundary.
76.
Which of these is a key characteristic of an intrusive igneous rock like Granite?
Small, smooth grains
Distinct layers or strata
Large mineral grains
Foliation
Explanation: The text uses Granite as an example of a rock that cools slowly at great depths (intrusive), resulting in "large mineral grains".
77.
Sea cliffs, sea caves, and sea stacks are landforms created by the erosional action of:
Running water
Wind
Glaciers
Waves
Explanation: These are listed under "Coastal Landforms (Waves)" as erosional features.
78.
The Subtropical Highs are zones of high pressure located around 30° N and S. What process in the Hadley Cell leads to their formation?
Air rising and cooling at these latitudes.
Air flowing from the equator at high altitudes, cooling, and sinking at these latitudes.
Cold polar air moving towards the equator and warming up.
Intense surface heating from the sun at these latitudes.
Explanation: The description of the Hadley Cell explains that air "rises at the equator, flows poleward at high altitudes, sinks in the subtropics (creating subtropical highs)".
79.
Which sequence correctly orders the layers of the atmosphere from the Earth's surface upwards?
Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere
Troposphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Exosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, Exosphere
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Exosphere
Explanation: The text lists the five layers in order from the surface up: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Ionosphere, and Exosphere.
80.
Land-wearing forces that derive their energy from the atmosphere and the sun are known as:
Endogenic forces
Diastrophic forces
Exogenic forces
Gravitational forces
Explanation: The text defines Exogenic Forces as those that "derive their energy from the atmosphere and the sun. They are mainly land-wearing forces."
81.
The fact that the Earth's inner core is solid despite being hotter than the liquid outer core is best explained by:
A difference in chemical composition.
The immense pressure at the center of the Earth, which raises the melting point of iron and nickel.
Radioactive decay has ceased in the inner core.
The inner core being composed of lighter materials.
Explanation: While the text only states the inner core is solid and the outer is liquid, the scientific reason (an inference) is that the extreme pressure at the center overcomes the extreme temperature, forcing the material into a solid state by raising its melting point. The text does mention "immense heat and pressure" as a general concept.
82.
Consider the following:
1. Absorption of UV radiation by ozone
2. Presence of ions reflecting radio waves
3. Occurrence of all weather changes
4. Burning up of meteors
Which of the above are associated with the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere?
1. Absorption of UV radiation by ozone
2. Presence of ions reflecting radio waves
3. Occurrence of all weather changes
4. Burning up of meteors
Which of the above are associated with the Stratosphere and the Mesosphere?
1 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 4
2 and 3
Explanation: (1) Absorption of UV by ozone happens in the Stratosphere. (3) Weather changes are in the Troposphere. (2) Ions reflecting radio waves are in the Ionosphere. The text notes that the Mesosphere is where temperature drops to -100°C; it is also a known fact that meteors burn up in this layer due to friction, although not explicitly stated in the provided text. (1) is definitely in the Stratosphere. This makes (1 and 4) the best fit, connecting the Stratosphere and Mesosphere.
83.
The formation of quartzite from sandstone is a process of ____(I)____, whereas the breakdown of quartzite into sand by physical forces is a process of ____(II)____.
I-Lithification, II-Metamorphism
I-Weathering, II-Erosion
I-Metamorphism, II-Weathering
I-Deposition, II-Mass Movement
Explanation: The transformation of sandstone into quartzite under heat and pressure is metamorphism. The on-site breakdown of the resulting quartzite rock is weathering.
84.
In the Ferrel Cell, the prevailing surface winds are the Westerlies. What causes them to blow generally from west to east?
The strong pressure gradient from the poles.
The sinking air at the Subpolar Lows.
The deflection of poleward-flowing surface air by the Coriolis force.
Frictional drag from the Earth's west-to-east rotation.
Explanation: The Ferrel cell involves air flowing poleward at the surface. As this air moves from the subtropics (lower latitude) toward the subpolar regions (higher latitude), the Coriolis force deflects it to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in a general westerly (west-to-east) flow in both cases.
85.
Which statement best integrates the concepts of the Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics (implied by subduction)?
Igneous rocks are formed only at volcanic hotspots.
Weathering and erosion are the primary forces driving the movement of tectonic plates.
Subduction can carry all three rock types into the mantle where they melt into magma, creating new igneous rock.
Metamorphic rocks are only formed in the core of mountain ranges created by converging plates.
Explanation: The text on the rock cycle states, "All three types of rocks can be subducted into the mantle, melt into magma, and form new igneous rocks." This directly links the process of subduction (a key part of plate tectonics) to the rock cycle.
86.
The average density of the oceanic crust is given as 3.0 g/cm³, and the continental crust as 2.7 g/cm³. This seems contradictory to the text. Assuming the text is correct that oceanic crust is 'heavier', which value likely has a typo?
The continental crust density should be higher, around 3.2 g/cm³.
The values are likely swapped; oceanic crust density is ~3.0 g/cm³ and continental is ~2.7 g/cm³.
Both values are incorrect; crustal density is uniform at 5.0 g/cm³.
The term 'heavier' refers to total mass, not density.
Explanation: The text says oceanic crust is composed of 'heavier, basaltic rocks' but then provides density values of 2.7 g/cm³ for oceanic and 3 g/cm³ for continental, which is a contradiction. The scientifically accepted fact is that oceanic crust is denser. Therefore, the numerical values in the text are swapped. Oceanic crust is about 3.0 g/cm³, and continental is about 2.7 g/cm³. This question tests critical reading and identification of internal inconsistencies.
87.
If the normal lapse rate is 1°C per 165m, what would be the approximate temperature at the top of a 4950m mountain if the sea-level temperature is 25°C?
5°C
-5°C
30°C
-30°C
Explanation: This is an application question.
First, find the number of 165m intervals in 4950m: 4950 / 165 = 30.
Second, calculate the total temperature drop: 30 intervals * 1°C/interval = 30°C drop.
Third, find the final temperature: 25°C (sea level) - 30°C (drop) = -5°C.
88.
Creep and solifluction are both slow mass movements. A key difference is that solifluction specifically involves:
Movement in arid regions.
Movement of dry, unconsolidated material.
The slow flow of saturated soil.
Movement caused by burrowing animals.
Explanation: The text defines solifluction as the "slow flow of saturated soil". This saturation is the key distinguishing feature from the more general process of creep.
89.
The existence of the world's major hot deserts in the vicinity of the Subtropical Highs (30° N/S) is primarily because these are zones of:
Constantly rising, moist air.
Strong, salt-laden winds from the ocean.
Intense solar radiation and minimal Coriolis force.
Sinking, warming, and drying air, which inhibits cloud formation and precipitation.
Explanation: This requires inference. The text states that air sinks in the subtropics to create the high-pressure belts. As air sinks (subsides), it is compressed and warms. Warming air can hold more moisture, which means relative humidity drops, clouds do not form, and precipitation is suppressed. This leads to arid conditions.
90.
A geologist finds a rock with distinct layers of sand particles and seashell fragments. This rock is likely a ____(I)____ rock, formed through the process of ____(II)____.
I-Metamorphic, II-Recrystallization
I-Igneous, II-Solidification
I-Sedimentary, II-Lithification
I-Primary, II-Foliation
Explanation: The presence of layers (strata) and fragments (sediments like sand and shells) is the hallmark of a sedimentary rock. The process by which these loose sediments are compacted into rock is lithification.
91.
Direct sources of information about the Earth's interior, such as mining and drilling, are limited in their reach. What is the primary limitation mentioned in the text?
Cost of the projects.
They have only penetrated a very shallow depth relative to the Earth's radius.
The rocks recovered are too altered to be useful.
They cannot be undertaken in oceanic regions.
Explanation: The text states the deepest drill is 12 km. The Earth's radius is over 6,370 km. This shows that direct sources have only scratched the surface, making this the primary limitation to their usefulness for understanding the deep interior.
92.
The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. What is the most significant change that occurs when crossing this boundary upwards?
Air pressure begins to increase.
The trend of temperature change reverses.
The concentration of nitrogen decreases sharply.
All weather phenomena cease.
Explanation: The text says "All changes in climate and weather occur" in the troposphere. The stratosphere above is very stable. This cessation of weather is the most significant change. While the temperature trend also reverses (from decreasing to stable/increasing), the end of weather is a more profound change mentioned directly.
93.
If an igneous rock is a 'primary rock', then a metamorphic rock could be described as a:
Secondary rock
Fragmental rock
Transformed rock
Depositional rock
Explanation: The text says for metamorphic rocks, the name means 'change of form' and they are formed when existing rocks are subjected to change. This makes 'transformed rock' the most fitting description, capturing the essence of metamorphism.
94.
Deposition by a geomorphic agent occurs when:
The agent acquires more material than it can carry.
The energy of the agent decreases, and it can no longer transport its load.
The agent weathers the rock into smaller fragments.
The agent encounters a harder rock type.
Explanation: The text defines deposition as "The settling of materials carried by erosional agents when their velocity and energy decrease."
95.
Which of the following would experience the strongest Coriolis deflection?
A slow-moving ocean current at the equator.
A fast-moving wind at 70° N latitude.
A slow-moving wind at 20° S latitude.
A fast-moving river at 40° N latitude.
Explanation: This question requires integrating two facts from the text: the Coriolis force is maximum at the poles (and stronger at higher latitudes) and its effect is also dependent on velocity (stronger for faster objects). A fast wind at a high latitude (70° N) would therefore experience the strongest deflection among the given options.
96.
The formation of alluvial fans and deltas by running water is analogous to the formation of which glacial landform?
Cirques
U-shaped valleys
Moraines
Horns
Explanation: Alluvial fans and deltas are large-scale depositional features where a river loses energy and drops its sediment load. Moraines are large-scale depositional features where a glacier melts and drops its sediment load. Both are landforms of deposition.
97.
The study of the Earth's interior relies heavily on seismology because:
Earthquake waves can be created on demand.
Different types of seismic waves travel at different speeds and are reflected or refracted by different layers.
Seismic waves only travel through the solid parts of the Earth.
The patterns of seismic waves are identical to gravitational anomalies.
Explanation: The text notes seismic activity provides the "most complete picture". The scientific reason for this (an inference beyond the text) is that the behavior of P-waves and S-waves (speed, reflection, refraction, and inability of S-waves to pass through liquid) as they travel through the Earth allows scientists to map out the different layers and their states (solid/liquid).
98.
Why do land and sea breezes reverse their direction between day and night?
Due to the change in the Coriolis effect.
Due to the movement of tides.
Due to the differential heating and cooling rates of land and water.
Due to the rotation of the Earth creating a daily wind shift.
Explanation: The text explains that during the day, land heats faster (creating low pressure), and at night, land cools faster (creating high pressure). This reversal of the pressure difference between land and sea is due to their different thermal properties (differential heating/cooling) and is the direct cause of the breeze reversal.
99.
Which statement is the most accurate description of the Rock Cycle?
It is a linear process from igneous to sedimentary to metamorphic.
It only describes the formation of new rocks on the Earth's surface.
It is a continuous process where any rock type can be transformed into any other rock type, including itself.
It is driven exclusively by endogenic forces from within the Earth.
Explanation: The text describes a cycle where rocks are transformed. It mentions igneous can become metamorphic, and all types can be weathered into sediments (for sedimentary) or melted into magma (for igneous). This implies a complex, non-linear web of transformations. The cycle involves both endogenic (melting, metamorphism) and exogenic (weathering, erosion) forces. Therefore, C is the most accurate and comprehensive summary.
100.
The imperceptible downslope movement of soil (creep) is a form of ____(I)____, driven by ____(II)____, and is an example of an ____(III)____ process.
I-Erosion, II-Wind, III-Endogenic
I-Mass Movement, II-Gravity, III-Exogenic
I-Weathering, II-Water, III-Exogenic
I-Deposition, II-Gravity, III-Endogenic
Explanation: This question integrates multiple concepts. Creep is a form of (I) Mass Movement. Mass movements are driven by the direct influence of (II) Gravity. Since these are surface processes that wear down the land, they are part of the (III) Exogenic system of forces.
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