Indian History: British Rule & 1857 Revolt - UPSC Mock Test | 100 Questions
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1
Who is considered the founder of Portuguese power in India and was responsible for the capture of Goa in 1510?
Vasco da Gama
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Robert Clive
Francisco de Almeida
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "Alfonso de Albuquerque, considered the founder of Portuguese power in India, who captured Goa in 1510."
2
Consider the following statements regarding the decline of Portuguese influence in India:
1. The discovery of Brazil diverted their colonial ambitions.
2. They faced a decisive defeat by the English in the Battle of Buxar.
3. Their policy of religious intolerance contributed to their decline.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The discovery of Brazil diverted their colonial ambitions.
2. They faced a decisive defeat by the English in the Battle of Buxar.
3. Their policy of religious intolerance contributed to their decline.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The text mentions that Portuguese influence declined due to "the rise of other European powers, religious intolerance, and the discovery of Brazil diverting their colonial ambitions." The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought against Mir Kasim's alliance, not the Portuguese. The Dutch were defeated at the Battle of Bidara.
3
The 'Blue Water Policy' in India was initiated by which Portuguese governor?
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Vasco da Gama
Dupleix
Francisco de Almeida
Explanation: As per the provided text, "Key figures include Francisco de Almeida, who initiated the Blue Water Policy".
4
What was the primary commercial interest of the Dutch East India Company in the East?
The Spice Islands of Indonesia
The textile trade in Bengal
Establishing political power in the Carnatic
The pepper trade in Calicut
Explanation: The text states, "Their primary commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of Indonesia."
5
The Dutch ambitions in India were largely ended by their decisive defeat in which battle?
Battle of Plassey (1757)
Battle of Wandiwash (1760)
Battle of Bidara (1759)
Battle of St. Thome
Explanation: The provided data mentions, "A decisive defeat by the English in the Battle of Bidara (1759) largely ended their ambitions in India."
6
Which of the following statements about the First Carnatic War (1740-48) is correct?
It was triggered by local succession disputes in Hyderabad.
It ended with the Treaty of Paris, which eliminated French political influence.
Robert Clive's capture of Arcot was the main event.
It was an extension of the Austrian War of Succession in Europe.
Explanation: The text clearly states that the First Carnatic War (1740-48) was "An extension of the Austrian War of Succession". The other options relate to the Second and Third Carnatic Wars.
7
The Battle of St. Thome, a key event of the First Carnatic War, was significant because it:
Revealed the superiority of disciplined European armies over larger Indian forces.
Led to the capture of Pondicherry by the British.
Resulted in the death of the Nawab of Carnatic.
Firmly established British naval supremacy.
Explanation: According to the text, the Battle of St. Thome was a "key event... where a small French force defeated the larger army of the Nawab of Carnatic, revealing the superiority of disciplined European armies."
8
The Second Carnatic War (1749-54) was primarily driven by:
The Seven Years' War in Europe.
Dutch attempts to expand their influence from the Spice Islands.
Misuse of 'dastaks' by the French company.
Dupleix's ambition to increase French influence by interfering in local succession disputes.
Explanation: The passage indicates the Second Carnatic War "was driven by Dupleix's ambition to increase French influence by interfering in local succession disputes in Hyderabad and the Carnatic."
9
Arrange the following events in chronological order:
1. Battle of Wandiwash
2. Battle of Plassey
3. Second Carnatic War begins
4. Capture of Goa by the Portuguese
1. Battle of Wandiwash
2. Battle of Plassey
3. Second Carnatic War begins
4. Capture of Goa by the Portuguese
4, 2, 3, 1
4, 3, 2, 1
3, 4, 2, 1
4, 3, 1, 2
Explanation: Based on the text: Capture of Goa (1510), Second Carnatic War begins (1749), Battle of Plassey (1757), Battle of Wandiwash (1760). Thus, the correct order is 4, 3, 2, 1.
10
The political influence of the French in India was definitively ended by the:
Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle
Capture of Arcot
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Treaty of Salbai
Explanation: The text states that the Treaty of Paris (1763) "restored French factories but for commercial purposes only, ending their political influence."
11
Match List-I (Conflict/Event) with List-II (Key Feature/Outcome).
| List-I | List-II |
|---|---|
| A. Battle of St. Thome | 1. Decisive English victory routing French forces |
| B. Capture of Arcot | 2. Revealed superiority of European armies over larger Indian forces |
| C. Battle of Wandiwash | 3. Ended French political ambitions in India |
| D. Treaty of Paris (1763) | 4. Turning point in the Second Carnatic War |
A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
Explanation: As per the text: A. Battle of St. Thome revealed the superiority of European armies (A-2). B. Robert Clive's capture of Arcot was a turning point in the Second Carnatic War (B-4). C. The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive English victory that routed the French (C-1). D. The Treaty of Paris (1763) ended French political influence (D-3).
12
What was the immediate trigger for the conflict between Siraj-ud-daula and the British, leading to the Battle of Plassey?
The misuse of 'dastaks' by Company officials.
Court intrigues against the young Nawab.
The English fortification of Calcutta without the Nawab's permission.
Robert Clive's conspiracy with Mir Jafar.
Explanation: While all are contributing factors, the text identifies "The English fortification of Calcutta without the Nawab's permission" as "the immediate trigger."
13
Assertion (A): The Battle of Plassey was a nominal fight rather than a decisive military engagement.
Reason (R): A significant portion of the army of the Nawab of Bengal, led by conspirators like Mir Jafar, did not participate in the battle.
Reason (R): A significant portion of the army of the Nawab of Bengal, led by conspirators like Mir Jafar, did not participate in the battle.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true, but R is false.
A is false, but R is true.
Explanation: The text states, "The battle was a nominal fight where the main part of the Nawab's army, under the conspirators, did not engage." This supports both the assertion and the reason, establishing R as the correct explanation for A.
14
Who replaced Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal after he failed to meet the Company's financial demands?
Siraj-ud-daula
Shuja-ud-daula
Shah Alam II
Mir Kasim
Explanation: The text mentions, "...his inability to meet the Company's constant financial demands led to his replacement by his son-in-law, Mir Kasim."
15
The alliance defeated by the English at the Battle of Buxar (1764) was composed of:
Mir Jafar, Shuja-ud-daula, and Shah Alam II
Mir Kasim, Shuja-ud-daula, and Shah Alam II
Mir Kasim, the Marathas, and the Nizam of Hyderabad
Siraj-ud-daula, Mir Kasim, and the French
Explanation: The passage states Mir Kasim "formed an alliance with Shuja-ud-daula, the Nawab of Awadh, and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II." This combined force was defeated at Buxar.
16
The Treaty of Allahabad (1765) was significant primarily because it:
Ended the Anglo-French rivalry in India.
Made the Mughal Emperor a pensioner of the Company.
Granted the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the Company.
Led to the direct annexation of Awadh.
Explanation: The text highlights the main outcome of the Treaty of Allahabad: "The Mughal Emperor granted the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the Company in perpetuity."
17
What was the 'Dual Government' (1765-72) established in Bengal?
A system where Bengal was jointly ruled by the British and the French.
A system where the Company held revenue rights while the Nawab held administrative responsibility.
A system where the Governor of Bengal and the Governor-General shared power.
A system where administration was divided between the Company and the Mughal Emperor.
Explanation: The 'Dual Government' is described as a system "where the Company held the Diwani rights while the Nawab retained administrative responsibility, leading to a disastrous breakdown of governance."
18
Consider the following statements about the rulers of Mysore:
1. Haidar Ali was defeated and killed in the First Anglo-Mysore War.
2. Tipu Sultan lost his life defending his capital Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. Haidar Ali was defeated and killed in the First Anglo-Mysore War.
2. Tipu Sultan lost his life defending his capital Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 only
Both 1 and 2
2 only
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect. The text says Haidar Ali *won* the First Anglo-Mysore War and died during the *Second*. Statement 2 is correct, as the text states Tipu Sultan "lost his life defending his capital Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)."
19
Which treaty concluded the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82), resulting in a stalemate?
Treaty of Allahabad
Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Salbai
Treaty of Seringapatam
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the First Anglo-Maratha War "Concluded with the Treaty of Salbai, resulting in a stalemate."
20
According to the provided text, which of the following was NOT a reason for the loss of the Marathas against the British?
Inferior military systems
A defective state nature
Lack of personal courage
Poor leadership
Explanation: The text lists the reasons for Maratha loss as "poor leadership, a defective state nature, and inferior military and espionage systems compared to the English." There is no mention of a lack of personal courage.
21
The complete subjugation of Maratha power and the deposition of the Peshwa was the result of which war?
First Anglo-Maratha War
Second Anglo-Maratha War
The Battle of Buxar
Third Anglo-Maratha War
Explanation: The passage states that the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19) "Led to the complete subjugation of Maratha power and the deposition of the Peshwa."
22
Which British conquest was criticized even by many British officials for its blatant aggression?
Conquest of Sindh (1843)
Annexation of Punjab
Conquest of Bengal
Annexation of Awadh
Explanation: The text mentions that the Conquest of Sindh was "criticised even by many British officials for its blatant aggression."
23
What major event preceded the British conquest of Punjab, leading to political instability in the region?
The First Anglo-Maratha War
The annexation of Sindh
The death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
The introduction of the Doctrine of Lapse
Explanation: The text states, "After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Punjab fell into political instability," which paved the way for the Anglo-Sikh wars.
24
The Policy of Ring-Fence, associated with Warren Hastings, primarily aimed to:
Directly annex neighbouring states.
Establish free trade in the subcontinent.
Create a network of spies in princely states.
Defend the Company's borders by protecting the frontiers of its neighbours.
Explanation: The Policy of Ring-Fence "aimed at defending the Company's own borders by protecting their neighbours' frontiers. This was achieved by creating buffer states."
25
Which of the following was NOT a condition imposed on an Indian state under the Subsidiary Alliance system?
Accepting the permanent stationing of a British force.
Ceding half of its territory to the British for direct administration.
Accepting a British resident in the state's court.
Surrendering control of its foreign policy to the Company.
Explanation: The conditions mentioned in the text for the Subsidiary Alliance include stationing a British force, paying a subsidy for it, accepting a resident, and surrendering foreign policy. It did not require ceding half the territory, although failure to pay the subsidy could lead to territorial cessions.
26
The Subsidiary Alliance system was a key instrument of expansion introduced by _______.
Lord Dalhousie
Warren Hastings
Lord Wellesley
Robert Clive
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the Subsidiary Alliance was "Introduced by Lord Wellesley".
27
Which policy stated that the sovereignty of dependent states would 'lapse' to the British in the absence of a natural heir?
Policy of Ring-Fence
Subsidiary Alliance
Doctrine of Paramountcy
Doctrine of Lapse
Explanation: The policy described is the Doctrine of Lapse, "widely associated with Lord Dalhousie, [which] stated that in the absence of a natural heir, the sovereignty of dependent states would 'lapse' to the British."
28
Which of the following states was annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse?
1. Satara
2. Awadh
3. Jhansi
4. Punjab
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1. Satara
2. Awadh
3. Jhansi
4. Punjab
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
1 and 3 only
2 and 4 only
1, 2 and 3
1, 3 and 4
Explanation: The text lists Satara, Sambalpur, Nagpur, and Jhansi as states annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. Awadh was annexed on grounds of misgovernance, and Punjab was annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
29
On what grounds was the state of Awadh annexed by the British in 1856?
Doctrine of Lapse
Failure to pay subsidy under the Subsidiary Alliance
Conspiring with foreign powers
Misgovernance
Explanation: The text clearly states, "The annexation of Awadh in 1856 on the grounds of misgovernance was also a key event preceding the 1857 revolt."
30
Assertion (A): British economic policies were a major cause of the Revolt of 1857.
Reason (R): These policies led to the ruin of the peasantry through heavy taxation and the destruction of traditional Indian industries.
Reason (R): These policies led to the ruin of the peasantry through heavy taxation and the destruction of traditional Indian industries.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
A is true, but R is false.
A is false, but R is true.
Explanation: The text lists economic causes including the destruction of traditional industries and the ruin of the peasantry by heavy taxation. This directly supports the assertion that economic policies were a major cause and provides the correct explanation.
31
Which British policy led to widespread resentment among Indian rulers and was a significant political cause for the 1857 Revolt?
Introduction of the railway system
The Policy of Ring-Fence
The Permanent Settlement
The Doctrine of Lapse
Explanation: The text mentions under 'Political Causes' that "The British policies of expansion, such as the Subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse, created widespread resentment among Indian rulers."
32
Which of the following is listed in the text as an administrative cause for the Revolt of 1857?
Rampant corruption at lower levels of the Company's administration.
The introduction of a new judicial system.
The exclusion of Indians from high posts.
The complex nature of British laws.
Explanation: The section on 'Administrative Causes' explicitly mentions that "Rampant corruption was prevalent in the Company's administration, especially at lower levels involving the police, judiciary, and petty officials."
33
The fear that the British were trying to destroy Indian religions and cultures was fueled by which of the following?
1. Activities of Christian missionaries.
2. Abolition of Sati.
3. The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856.
4. The Religious Disabilities Act of 1856.
Select the correct answer from the codes below:
1. Activities of Christian missionaries.
2. Abolition of Sati.
3. The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856.
4. The Religious Disabilities Act of 1856.
Select the correct answer from the codes below:
1, 2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 4 only
Explanation: Under 'Socio-Religious Causes', the text lists activities of missionaries, abolition of Sati, and the Religious Disabilities Act. The General Service Enlistment Act is listed as a grievance among sepoys, though it had religious implications. However, the first three are explicitly grouped under general socio-religious causes. Let me recheck. The General Service Enlistment Act required overseas service which "violated the religious beliefs of high-caste Hindus", so it also fits the description. The question asks what fueled the fear. All four did. Let's see if the text gives a more specific grouping. 'Socio-Religious Causes' lists missionary activities, abolition of Sati, support for widow remarriage, Western education, and the Religious Disabilities Act. 'Discontent Among Sepoys' lists the General Service Enlistment Act. So based on the text's structure, 1, 2, and 4 are the correct choices under the general socio-religious category.
34
The Religious Disabilities Act of 1856 was controversial because it:
Banned Hindu religious practices.
Allowed converts to Christianity to inherit ancestral property.
Imposed a tax on religious gatherings.
Made conversion to Christianity mandatory for government jobs.
Explanation: The text specifies that "The Religious Disabilities Act of 1856, which allowed converts to Christianity to inherit ancestral property, further fueled these fears."
35
Which of the following events, according to the text, broke the myth of British invincibility prior to 1857?
The Carnatic Wars
The First Afghan War
The Battle of Buxar
The Second Anglo-Maratha War
Explanation: The text lists "Events like the First Afghan War (1838-42), Punjab Wars (1845-49), and the Crimean War (1854-56)" as influences that "broke the myth of British invincibility."
36
Which act required Indian sepoys to serve overseas if needed, violating the religious beliefs of some?
Religious Disabilities Act of 1856
Government of India Act, 1858
General Service Enlistment Act of 1856
Charter Act of 1853
Explanation: This is explicitly mentioned under 'Discontent Among Sepoys': "The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required them to serve overseas if needed, which violated the religious beliefs of high-caste Hindus."
37
The immediate cause for the start of the Revolt of 1857 was:
The annexation of Awadh.
Pay discrimination against sepoys.
The activities of Christian missionaries.
The introduction of the new Enfield Rifle.
Explanation: The text identifies "The introduction of the new Enfield Rifle, whose cartridges were rumoured to be greased with the fat of beef and pork" as "the immediate cause (The Spark)".
38
The Revolt of 1857 began on May 10, 1857, at ________, from where the sepoys marched to Delhi.
Kanpur
Meerut
Lucknow
Bareilly
Explanation: The text states, "The revolt began at Meerut on May 10, 1857, where sepoys broke out in open rebellion... and marched to Delhi."
39
Who was proclaimed as the symbolic head of the rebellion and Emperor of India by the sepoys in Delhi?
Nana Saheb
Shah Alam II
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Explanation: In Delhi, the sepoys "proclaimed the aged Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, as the Emperor of India, making him the symbolic head of the uprising."
40
Match the leaders of the 1857 Revolt (List-I) with their respective centres of rebellion (List-II).
| List-I (Leader) | List-II (Centre) |
|---|---|
| A. Nana Saheb | 1. Lucknow |
| B. Begum Hazrat Mahal | 2. Jhansi |
| C. Rani Lakshmibai | 3. Arrah |
| D. Kunwar Singh | 4. Kanpur |
A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
Explanation: According to the text: Nana Saheb led at Kanpur (A-4), Begum Hazrat Mahal at Lucknow (B-1), Rani Lakshmibai at Jhansi (C-2), and Kunwar Singh at Arrah (Bihar) (D-3).
41
Who among the following was a key leader of the revolt in Bareilly?
Tantia Tope
Khan Bahadur
Azimullah Khan
Kunwar Singh
Explanation: The text lists the leaders and states, "Bareilly: Khan Bahadur, a descendant of the former ruler of Rohilkhand."
42
Tantia Tope and Azimullah Khan were the able lieutenants of which leader of the 1857 Revolt?
Nana Saheb
Rani Lakshmibai
Kunwar Singh
Bahadur Shah Zafar
Explanation: The text mentions, "Kanpur: Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the last Peshwa, led the revolt with his able lieutenants, Tantia Tope and Azimullah Khan."
43
Which of the following is identified as a primary reason for the failure of the 1857 Revolt?
The revolt was betrayed by the French.
The rebels ran out of food supplies too quickly.
The monsoons hampered the movement of rebel forces.
The revolt lacked central leadership and coordination.
Explanation: Under 'Reasons for Failure', the text states, "The revolt lacked central leadership and coordination. The rebels in different regions operated without a unified plan or strategy."
44
Consider the following statements about the failure of the 1857 Revolt:
1. The rebellion was widespread across the entire Indian subcontinent.
2. The rebels had access to weapons and equipment superior to the British.
3. Many Indian rulers and the educated middle class did not support the revolt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1. The rebellion was widespread across the entire Indian subcontinent.
2. The rebels had access to weapons and equipment superior to the British.
3. Many Indian rulers and the educated middle class did not support the revolt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
3 only
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect; the text says "All-India participation was absent" and it was "largely confined to North and Central India." Statement 2 is incorrect; the text notes rebels had "traditional weapons" that were "no match for the advanced rifles and artillery of the British." Statement 3 is correct; it mentions "educated Indians, were generally unsympathetic. Many Indian rulers sided with the British."
45
According to the text, the rebels of 1857 were united by their hatred of British rule but lacked a:
Desire for freedom
Willingness to fight
Forward-looking political programme
Symbolic leader
Explanation: A key reason for failure was the lack of a "Unified Ideology," where the text explains the rebels "lacked a forward-looking political programme or a shared vision for the future of India."
46
What was the most significant political consequence of the Revolt of 1857?
The East India Company's trade monopoly was abolished.
Power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown.
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
All Indian princely states were annexed by the British.
Explanation: The primary consequence listed is the "End of Company Rule," as "The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, 1858, which transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown."
47
Following the Revolt of 1857, the Governor-General was given the new title of:
Prime Minister of India
Commander-in-Chief
Secretary of State
Viceroy
Explanation: The text states, "The Governor-General was given the new title of Viceroy."
48
The post-1857 reorganization of the Indian army involved:
1. Increasing the proportion of Europeans to Indians.
2. Placing artillery exclusively in British hands.
3. Implementing a policy of 'divide and rule' in recruitment.
Which of the above is/are correct?
1. Increasing the proportion of Europeans to Indians.
2. Placing artillery exclusively in British hands.
3. Implementing a policy of 'divide and rule' in recruitment.
Which of the above is/are correct?
1 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
1, 2 and 3
Explanation: The text mentions all three points under 'Reorganisation of the Army': the proportion of Europeans to Indians was increased, key positions and artillery were kept in British hands, and the policy of 'divide and rule' was practiced.
49
What change occurred in British policy towards princely states after the 1857 Revolt, as per the Queen's Proclamation of 1858?
The era of annexation ended, and the Doctrine of Lapse was abandoned.
All princely states were granted complete independence.
The Subsidiary Alliance system was imposed on all remaining states.
Princes were given representation in the British Parliament.
Explanation: The text states, "The era of annexation ended. The Queen's Proclamation of 1858 promised to respect the rights, dignity, and honour of native princes, and the Doctrine of Lapse was abandoned."
50
According to the provided text, the most significant long-term legacy of the 1857 Revolt was that it:
Led to immediate economic prosperity.
Permanently damaged Hindu-Muslim relations.
Resulted in the partition of Bengal.
Served as a source of inspiration for the later nationalist movement.
Explanation: The text concludes that "The heroic struggle of 1857, despite its failure, served as a source of inspiration for the later nationalist movement" and "paved the way for the rise of modern nationalism."
51
The Dutch East India Company was formed in _____, and its main settlement in India was ______.
1498, Goa
1664, Pondicherry
1602, Pulicat
1600, Surat
Explanation: The text states the Dutch East India Company was formed in 1602 and established factories in places including Masulipatnam, Pulicat, and Surat. While Surat is also a correct location, Pulicat is presented as an option alongside the correct year. The other year/location pairs are incorrect.
52
Which Carnatic War corresponded to the Seven Years' War in Europe and proved decisive in the Anglo-French rivalry?
First Carnatic War
Second Carnatic War
Third Carnatic War
Fourth Carnatic War
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the Third Carnatic War (1758-63) "Corresponding to the Seven Years' War in Europe, this conflict proved decisive."
53
What were 'dastaks', the misuse of which angered Nawab Siraj-ud-daula?
Permits for military movement
Passes for duty-free trade
Licences for building factories
Warrants for arresting local officials
Explanation: The text explains that the Company had the right to issue "'dastaks' (passes) for duty-free trade" and that their rampant misuse angered the Nawab.
54
Which ruler of Mysore won the First Anglo-Mysore War against the British?
Tipu Sultan
The Nawab of Carnatic
Ranjit Singh
Haidar Ali
Explanation: The text states that Haidar Ali "won the First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)".
55
The final annexation of Punjab by the British occurred after which war?
First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)
Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)
Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19)
First Afghan War (1838-42)
Explanation: The text mentions that the "Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49): Resulted in the final annexation of Punjab."
56
Assertion (A): The Subsidiary Alliance was a key tool for British expansion that avoided the costs of direct administration.
Reason (R): Under the alliance, the Indian state had to pay a subsidy for the maintenance of a British force stationed in its territory.
Reason (R): Under the alliance, the Indian state had to pay a subsidy for the maintenance of a British force stationed in its territory.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true, but R is false.
A is false, but R is true.
Explanation: The text explains that the Subsidiary Alliance brought states under British control "without the cost of direct administration." A key feature was that the state had to "pay a subsidy for its maintenance." Therefore, the reason (R) directly explains how the policy (A) avoided direct costs for the British.
57
Which British policy is described as creating 'buffer states' to protect the Company's own frontiers?
Doctrine of Lapse
Subsidiary Alliance
Policy of Paramountcy
The Policy of Ring-Fence
Explanation: The text states the Policy of Ring-Fence "was achieved by creating buffer states and making them pay for their own defence".
58
How did the British land revenue systems contribute to the economic causes of the 1857 Revolt?
They gave too much power to traditional zamindars.
They ruined the peasantry with heavy taxation.
They encouraged the growth of cash crops over food crops.
They were too simple and easily manipulated.
Explanation: Under 'Economic Causes', the text says, "The peasantry was ruined by heavy taxation under new land revenue systems."
59
The annexation of which state was a particularly significant political cause for the revolt, angering the nobility, soldiers, and common people alike?
Jhansi
Satara
Awadh
Punjab
Explanation: The text emphasizes under 'Political Causes': "The annexation of Awadh, in particular, angered the nobility, soldiers, and common people alike."
60
Which of the following was a sepoy grievance mentioned in the text?
Forced conversion to Christianity.
Lack of modern weapons.
Being forbidden from wearing caste or sectarian marks.
Being paid in a different currency.
Explanation: The text lists among sepoy grievances that "They were forbidden from wearing caste or sectarian marks, which they saw as an interference in their religious practices."
61
Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi provided heroic leadership in the revolt primarily because:
She wanted to become the Empress of India.
The British had imposed heavy taxes on her state.
She was an ally of Begum Hazrat Mahal.
The British had annexed her state under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Explanation: The text specifies that Rani Lakshmibai provided heroic leadership against the British who had "annexed her state under the Doctrine of Lapse."
62
Which statement accurately reflects the territorial spread of the 1857 Revolt?
It was largely confined to North and Central India, with presidencies like Bombay and Madras remaining mostly unaffected.
It was a pan-Indian rebellion with active participation from all regions.
The revolt was most intense in the southern states of Mysore and Travancore.
Only the Bengal presidency saw significant rebellious activity.
Explanation: The text states, "All-India participation was absent. The rebellion was largely confined to North and Central India. The presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras remained mostly unaffected."
63
The Government of India Act, 1858, created a new office to manage Indian affairs, who was a member of the British cabinet. What was this office called?
Viceroy
Governor-General
President of the Board of Control
Secretary of State for India
Explanation: The passage says, "The office of the Secretary of State for India was created, who was a member of the British cabinet and was responsible to the Parliament."
64
What was the consequence of the Queen's Proclamation of 1858 for the Indian princely states?
They became fully independent sovereign nations.
They were forced to disband their armies completely.
Their rights were respected, but they became subordinate to the British Crown.
They were all merged into a single confederation under the Viceroy.
Explanation: The text explains that the proclamation promised to respect the rights of princes, but "these states became subordinate to the British Crown."
65
Which British Governor-General is most widely associated with the Doctrine of Lapse?
Lord Wellesley
Warren Hastings
Lord Dalhousie
Robert Clive
Explanation: The text states that the Doctrine of Lapse is "widely associated with Lord Dalhousie".
66
The first Europeans to arrive in India for trade in the modern period were the _____, with Vasco da Gama reaching ______ in 1498.
Dutch, Surat
British, Madras
French, Pondicherry
Portuguese, Calicut
Explanation: The text begins by stating, "The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in India, with Vasco da Gama reaching Calicut in 1498."
67
In the Battle of Plassey, Robert Clive's conspiracy involved which nobles from Siraj-ud-daula's court?
Mir Kasim and Shuja-ud-daula
Mir Jafar and Rai Durlabh
Shah Alam II and the Nawab of Awadh
Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan
Explanation: The passage notes, "Robert Clive conspired with disgruntled nobles of the Nawab's court like Mir Jafar and Rai Durlabh."
68
The British were able to defeat the Marathas primarily because they:
Had a larger army than the Marathas.
Received support from the Mughal Emperor.
Exploited internal conflicts among Maratha chiefs.
Used the Doctrine of Lapse to weaken the Maratha confederacy.
Explanation: The text states, "The Marathas, though formidable, were weakened by internal conflicts among their chiefs. The British exploited these divisions."
69
Which of the following statements about the Subsidiary Alliance is INCORRECT based on the text?
Indian states had to pay for the maintenance of a British force.
Indian states could employ other Europeans with British permission.
Indian states had to accept a British resident.
Indian states surrendered control of their foreign policy.
Explanation: The text says a state under the alliance "could not employ other Europeans without British permission." The option states they *could* employ them *with* permission, which is a subtle but direct contradiction to the prohibitive nature described. Let me re-read: "could not employ other Europeans without British permission". This implies that with permission, they could. So the statement "could employ other Europeans with British permission" is actually correct according to the text. I need to find a truly incorrect statement. Let's re-evaluate the options. A, C, and D are explicitly stated. Let's re-examine B. The text says "could not employ other Europeans without British permission". This phrasing means employment was forbidden unless permission was granted. So, the possibility of employing them *with permission* existed. This makes option B a correct statement derived from the text. This question is flawed. I need to create a better incorrect option. Let's try: "Indian states were required to maintain their own large, independent armies." This is directly contradicted by the policy which disarmed them.
Let me regenerate the question.
69
Which of the following statements about the Subsidiary Alliance is INCORRECT based on the text?
It disarmed the Indian states that accepted it.
It required the Indian ruler to give up all administrative responsibilities to the British Resident.
The state had to surrender control of its foreign policy to the Company.
The state could not employ other Europeans without British permission.
Explanation: The text says the policy disarmed Indian states (A), they surrendered foreign policy (C), and couldn't employ Europeans without permission (D). It does NOT state that the ruler had to give up all administrative responsibilities. The British Resident was accepted, but the internal administration was, in theory, left to the ruler, unlike the 'Dual Government' model in Bengal.
70
The landed aristocracy like zamindars and taluqdars were a source of discontent because:
They were forced to serve overseas.
Their religious practices were banned.
They lost their lands and rights under new administrative and judicial systems.
They were not allowed to use 'dastaks' for trade.
Explanation: The economic causes section states, "The landed aristocracy, including zamindars and taluqdars, lost their lands and rights under the new administrative and judicial systems."
71
Kunwar Singh, a key leader of the revolt in Bihar, belonged to which class?
Sepoy
Deposed Nawab
Zamindar
Merchant
Explanation: The text identifies "Arrah (Bihar): Kunwar Singh, a zamindar, was a key leader."
72
Which of the following classes was generally unsympathetic to the 1857 Revolt?
Peasantry
Educated Indians
Sepoys
Dispossessed zamindars
Explanation: Under 'Reasons for Failure', the text mentions, "The upper and middle classes, including big merchants, moneylenders, and educated Indians, were generally unsympathetic."
73
The main settlement of the French East India Company in India was:
Calicut
Surat
Goa
Pondicherry
Explanation: The text states, "Their main settlement was Pondicherry."
74
The 'Dual Government' established by the Treaty of Allahabad was disastrous because:
It gave too much power to the Mughal Emperor.
The Company had power (revenue) without responsibility (administration).
The French were given a share in the administration.
The Nawab had to pay heavy tribute to the British Crown.
Explanation: The text describes the system as one where "the Company held the Diwani rights while the Nawab retained administrative responsibility, leading to a disastrous breakdown of governance." This implies a separation of power from responsibility.
75
Which of the following was the result of the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05)?
A stalemate sealed by the Treaty of Salbai.
The deposition of the Peshwa.
Significant territorial gains for the British.
The complete subjugation of Maratha power.
Explanation: The text notes that the Second Anglo-Maratha War "Resulted in significant territorial gains for the British." The stalemate was from the first war, and the complete subjugation was from the third.
76
Consider the following states:
1. Sambalpur
2. Awadh
3. Nagpur
4. Satara
Which of these were annexed using the Doctrine of Lapse?
1. Sambalpur
2. Awadh
3. Nagpur
4. Satara
Which of these were annexed using the Doctrine of Lapse?
1, 2, and 3 only
2 and 4 only
1, 3, and 4 only
1, 2, 3, and 4
Explanation: The text lists "Satara, Sambalpur, Nagpur, and Jhansi" as being annexed by the Doctrine of Lapse. Awadh was annexed on grounds of misgovernance. Therefore, 1, 3, and 4 are correct.
77
The resentment of sepoys towards the British was deepened by the annexation of _______, as it was the home of many of them.
Punjab
Sindh
Jhansi
Awadh
Explanation: Under 'Discontent Among Sepoys', the text mentions, "The annexation of Awadh, the home of many sepoys, was a deep source of resentment."
78
Which of the following was NOT a major centre of the 1857 Revolt according to the text?
Kanpur
Lucknow
Madras
Jhansi
Explanation: The text lists Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly, Jhansi, and Arrah as key centres. It also states that the presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras remained mostly unaffected.
79
Assertion (A): The rebels of 1857 were at a severe disadvantage in terms of military equipment.
Reason (R): They fought primarily with traditional weapons like swords and pikes.
Reason (R): They fought primarily with traditional weapons like swords and pikes.
Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true, but R is false.
A is false, but R is true.
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that the rebels' poor arms were a reason for failure, as they "fought with traditional weapons like swords and pikes, which were no match for the advanced rifles and artillery of the British." The reason perfectly explains the assertion.
80
The Secretary of State for India, a post created after 1857, was to be assisted by a council of how many members?
10
12
15
20
Explanation: The text notes that the Secretary of State "was to be assisted by a 15-member council."
81
Mir Kasim's attempt to assert his authority as Nawab of Bengal involved:
Forming an alliance with the Portuguese.
Checking the misuse of trade privileges by the Company.
Shifting his capital to Calcutta.
Refusing to pay any tribute to the Mughal Emperor.
Explanation: The text states that Mir Kasim, an able ruler, "attempted to check the misuse of trade privileges and assert his authority."
82
The final defeat of the Sikh army and the annexation of their kingdom occurred in the years ________.
1845-46
1817-19
1848-49
1856-57
Explanation: The text gives the date for the Second Anglo-Sikh War, which resulted in the annexation of Punjab, as 1848-49.
83
How did the Policy of Ring-Fence operate?
By building large forts around Company territory.
By directly administering a ring of territories around their core possessions.
By paying neighbouring states to act as buffers.
By creating buffer states and making them pay for their own defence via subsidiary alliances.
Explanation: The text explains the policy aimed to defend the Company's borders by protecting neighbours' frontiers, "This was achieved by creating buffer states and making them pay for their own defence through subsidiary alliances."
84
Which British social reform was seen by some Indians as interference in their socio-religious life, contributing to the discontent before 1857?
Introduction of the English language.
Abolition of Sati.
Construction of railways.
Establishment of a postal system.
Explanation: The text lists "the abolition of Sati, support for widow remarriage, and the opening of Western education" as measures "seen as interference in the social and religious life of Indians."
85
Begum Hazrat Mahal, who took up the leadership of the revolt, was the wife of the deposed Nawab of which state?
Awadh
Bengal
Carnatic
Rohilkhand
Explanation: The text identifies her as "Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of the deposed Nawab of Awadh".
86
Which of the following was NOT a trading post established by the Portuguese?
Calicut
Cochin
Pondicherry
Cannanore
Explanation: The text states the Portuguese established trading posts at Calicut, Cochin, and Cannanore. Pondicherry is mentioned as the main settlement of the French.
87
Tipu Sultan's fight against the British ended with his death in the ______ Anglo-Mysore War in the year ______.
Third, 1792
Second, 1784
Fourth, 1792
Fourth, 1799
Explanation: The text says Tipu Sultan "lost his life defending his capital Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)."
88
One of the key reasons for the Maratha loss against the English was their inferior _______ and ________ systems.
agricultural, trade
military, espionage
judicial, administrative
naval, fortification
Explanation: The text lists the reasons for Maratha loss, including "inferior military and espionage systems compared to the English."
89
The conquest of _______ in 1843 was accomplished through a series of treaties that gradually increased British influence, culminating in a military campaign.
Punjab
Awadh
Mysore
Sindh
Explanation: The description matches the one given for the "Conquest of Sindh (1843)".
90
The spark for the 1857 revolt was the greased cartridges for the Enfield Rifle, which were seen as a deliberate attempt to defile the religions of:
Hindus and Sikhs
Muslims and Jains
Hindus and Muslims
Sikhs and Muslims
Explanation: The text says the cartridges were rumoured to be greased with beef and pork fat, and "was seen as a deliberate attempt to defile the religions of both Hindus and Muslims".
91
Where did the sepoys march to after their rebellion in Meerut, to declare a new leader for their uprising?
Kanpur
Lucknow
Delhi
Calcutta
Explanation: The text states the sepoys "marched to Delhi" and proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as the Emperor of India.
92
Which of the following best summarizes the 'unified ideology' of the rebels of 1857, according to the text?
A detailed plan for a democratic republic.
A desire to restore the Maratha confederacy.
A shared vision for a secular, modern India.
A common hatred of British rule without a shared vision for the future.
Explanation: The text explicitly states, "The rebels were united by their hatred of British rule but lacked a forward-looking political programme or a shared vision for the future of India."
93
A turning point in the Second Carnatic War was the capture of which city by Robert Clive in 1751?
Pondicherry
Arcot
Hyderabad
Masulipatnam
Explanation: The text highlights "Robert Clive's capture of Arcot in 1751 was a turning point" in the Second Carnatic War.
94
The right to collect revenue, or ________, of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa was granted to the Company by the Treaty of Allahabad.
Nizamat
Subsidium
Dastak
Diwani
Explanation: The text states, "The Mughal Emperor granted the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the Company".
95
After which event did the British provoke the Sikh army, leading to the Anglo-Sikh wars?
The annexation of Sindh.
Political instability following the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
The start of the First Afghan War.
The signing of the Treaty of Salbai.
Explanation: The text connects the Anglo-Sikh wars to the period after "the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, [when] Punjab fell into political instability."
96
The policy of Subsidiary Alliance, by disarming Indian states and controlling their foreign policy, effectively brought them under British control without:
The cost of direct administration.
Any military conflict.
The consent of the Mughal Emperor.
The approval of the British Parliament.
Explanation: The passage concludes its description of the Subsidiary Alliance by stating it "brought them under British control without the cost of direct administration."
97
What influence did events like the First Afghan War and Crimean War have on the Indians before 1857?
They demonstrated the benefits of European military training.
They drained the Company's finances, leading to higher taxes.
They encouraged Indians to seek alliances with Russia.
They broke the myth of British invincibility.
Explanation: Under 'Influence of Outside Events', the text says these wars "broke the myth of British invincibility."
98
Khan Bahadur, who led the revolt in Bareilly, was a descendant of the former ruler of which region?
Awadh
Rohilkhand
The Carnatic
Mysore
Explanation: The text identifies "Khan Bahadur, a descendant of the former ruler of Rohilkhand."
99
The post-1857 reorganisation of the army deliberately practiced a policy of ________ in its recruitment to prevent another revolt.
merit-based promotion
equal opportunity
divide and rule
divide and rule
Explanation: The text states, "The policy of 'divide and rule' was deliberately practiced in the army's recruitment."
100
Which act of the British Parliament marked the end of the East India Company's rule and the beginning of the British Crown's direct rule over India?
Charter Act of 1853
Regulating Act of 1773
Government of India Act, 1858
Indian Councils Act, 1861
Explanation: The text states that "The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act, 1858, which transferred power from the East India Company to the British Crown."
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